Amene anatulukira mpweya wotentha zibaluni? Montgolfier abale. A zibaluni ndi dengu

Funso la amene anatulukira zibaluni, ndithudi mudzakhala chidwi wophunzira aliyense. Pambuyo ndegeyo unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 18, ndipo amathandiza nthawi monga ntchito aeronautics ndipo m'masiku athu. Zida ndi zipangizo tisandulika ndi bwino, koma mfundo opaleshoni wakhala kwa zaka zofanana. N'chifukwa chake Buku ponena za anthu amene anabwera ndi galimoto lodabwitsali latsopano, makamaka zogwirizana.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

The woyamba zibaluni anali abale Montgolfier. Iwo ankakhala yaing'ono French m'tauni ya Annonay. Onse ali mwana amakonda sayansi, ntchito zamanja ndi luso. Bambo ake anali munthu wazamalonda, iye anali pepala lake mphero. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, wamkulu pa abale Joseph-Michel anatengera izo ndipo kenako ntchito chidali chifuniro chake.

Chifukwa cha kuphunzira sayansi, iye anadzakhala woyang'anira wotchuka Paris Conservatory of Tirhana na Timatheriyali. mng'ono wake Jacques-Etienne anali mmisiri wa maphunziro awo.

Ankakonda ntchito sayansi wasayansi kwambiri British, zachilengedwe Dzhozefa Pristli, amene anatulukira mpweya. chidwi Izi zapangitsa chakuti anayamba kutenga mbali zatsopano onse, m'bale mkulu.

prerequisites

Nkhani za amene anatulukira zibaluni, muyenera kuyamba ndi kulongosola mikhalidwe imene kunatheka anthu anatulukira ngati chodabwitsa. Ndi theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18 wapanga angapo atulukira sayansi kuti analola abale muyika mumachitidwe kuzipenya zawo. Tanena kale kutsegula kwa mpweya. Mu 1766, wina wofufuza British G. Cavendish anapeza wa hydrogen - chinthu chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa ntchito mwakhama aeronautics. Pafupifupi zaka khumi pamaso pa kuyesera wotchuka ndi kulera zibaluni wotchuka French wasayansi A. L. Lavuaze anayamba chiphunzitso za udindo wa oxygen njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

maphunziro

Choncho, mbiri ya amene anatulukira zibaluni, amene kugwirizana ndi moyo sayansi theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18. Pankhaniyi, nkofunika kuona kuti chidali chifuniro zidatheka ndi kupezedwa pamwambapa. Abale osati kudziwa za atulukira posachedwapa sayansi, koma ankafunanso kukhazikitsa iwo.

Mfundo imeneyi ndi kuwakweza ku chilengedwe cha dziko.

Akanagwiritsa ntchito ndi zipangizo zonse zofunikira zake kupanga: fakitale pepala, anamusiyira bambo ake, iye adawakonzera zimakhala pepala. Poyamba, kupanga matumba kwambiri, wodzazidwa ndi mpweya otentha ndipo anapezerapo kumwamba. Woyamba zatsopano ochepa kuwakweza ndi maganizo kulenga mphika waukulu. Poyamba, nayidzaza ndi nthunzi, koma mankhwala pamene anatola msanga akamazizira, madzi zikukhazikitsa mu mawonekedwe a mpweya ife mpanda wa nkhaniyi. Ndiye anaganiza ntchito hayidirojeni, amene amadziwika kuti opepuka kuposa mpweya.

Komabe, gasi kuwalako ukuphwera mofulumira ndipo ndidapulumuka khoma la nkhaniyi. Ngakhale anathandiza chepetsa pepala mpira, imene mpweya ukadali mofulumira anazimiririka. Komanso wa hydrogen ndi mtengo zenizenizo, ndi abale kupeza ndi vuto lalikulu. Ife tinali kupeza njira ina kwa bwinobwino zimenezo.

prolusion

Pofotokoza ntchito za anthu amene anatulukira zibaluni, m'pofunika lozani zopinga zimene anakumana abale pamaso kuyesera awo anali bwinobwino. Itatha yoyamba awiri analephera akuyesetsa kulera kapangidwe kuti mpweya Joseph Michel adafotokoza kuti ntchito hydrogen ndi utsi otentha.

Izi njira ankaoneka abale zabwino, kuyambira mankhwala analinso opepuka kuposa mpweya choncho ngwokhoza kuukitsa mpira mmwamba. chachilendo wopambana. Uthenga wa bwino uyu anafalikira mofulumira m'tauni yonseyo, ndipo anthu anayamba kufunsa abale kukachititsa zinachitikira anthu.

Flight 1783

Abale amene aikidwa mayeso pa June 5. Onse ali mosamalitsa chochitika ichi kwambiri. Iwo anapanga mpira chimene chimalemera makilogalamu oposa 200. Iye anali wopanda mtanga - lingaliro singasiyanitsidwe limene ife anazolowera kuona mu mapangidwe ano. Kuti izo zaikidwa lamba wapadera ndi zingwe angapo kulisunga malo bola adzakhala kutenthetsa mpweya mkati bwalo lamkati. Zibaluni Montgolfier abale anali pamaso chidwi kwambiri, ndipo anachititsa chidwi chachikulu pa omvetsera. khosi lake anaikidwa pa moto, amene analimbikitsa mpweya. Eyiti kudzathandiza kugwira iye zingwe pansi. Pamene chipolopolo ladzala ndi mpweya otentha, mpira anapita.

The ndege yachiwiri

Zibaluni ndi mtanga anali kungoti anthu awa. Komabe, izi anali yoyamba kuyankha yaikulu, umene unali anapeza Ofufuza sakudziwika kwathunthu ku yaing'ono French m'tawuni. kupezeka chidwi asayansi ku Academy of Sciences. The Korol Lyudovik XVI anachita chidwi zoterozo mu ndege ya mpira zomwe zinatipangitsa abale Paris. pa September 1783 ntchito yatsopano anapatsidwa. Abale Ufumuyo mpira msondodzi dengu ndipo ankatsutsana udzakhala m'basimo. Iwo akhafuna kuuluka okha, koma mwa manyuzipepala mkangano waukulu za chiopsezo. Choncho, kuyamba ndi kuyamba, anaganiza kulera nyama mu mtanga. Pa tsiku yoikidwiratu, 19 September, pamaso pa asayansi mpira, ogwira ndi mfumuyo inapita ndi "zonyamula": tambala, bakha ndi nkhosa. Patapita nthawi pang'ono ndege mpira anagwidwa nthambi za mitengo, ndi kumira pansi. Anapeza kuti nyama kumva bwino, ndiye anaganiza kuti zibaluni ndi chimbalangondo cesto na munthu. Patapita nthawi, dziko loyamba mpweya ndege imene Jacques-Etienne ndi wotchuka French wasayansi, wasayansi sayansi Pilatre de A Rozier.

mitundu ya mipira

Malinga mtundu wa mpweya mukumveka chipolopolo lagawidwa mitundu itatu mwa zipangizozi chakuwuluka. Amene kukwera ntchito ukagwira mpweya zibaluni otchedwa - mayina a ndiAmene ake. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira yabwino kwambiri ndi otetezeka chodzaza mpweya chuma, zomwe ndi opepuka kuposa mpweya choncho angalere m'dengu ndi anthu pokhala mu izo. losiyanasiyana balloons kulola apaulendo kusankha njira yabwino kupita. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mamangidwe ali burner zibaluni.

cholinga chake ndi mosalekeza kutenthetsa mpweya. Nthawi imeneyo, ngati mpira, muyenera kutsegula vavu wapadera casing kuti kuziziritsa mpweya. Anthu mipira, mkati mwa wodzala ndi wa hydrogen, ankatchedwa charliere - m'malo mwa wina wotchuka French sayansi ndi zatsopano, m'nthawi ya Charles Jacques Montgolfier abale.

zina zipangizo

Mtengo wa kafukufuku izi kuti bbwino ntchito m'dzikomo kwambiri, amene anatulukira mpira wawo, kudzaza ndi wa hydrogen. Komabe, choyamba zoyesayesa analephera, chifukwa hayidirojeni, kukhala chinthu zachiwawa adalowa kukhudzana ndi mpweya, chakumene. Wa hydrogen ndi chikhazikitso ndi kuphulika, kotero zake ntchito mu kudzazidwa chipolopolo ndege amagwirizana ndi kuipa ena.

Balloons ndi helium amatchedwanso charliere. Kulemera maselo a mankhwala woposa wa hayidirojeni, zinthu mphamvu zokwanira, kulibe vuto lililonse ndi wotetezeka. The drawback yekha wa nkhaniyi ndi mtengo wake mkulu, choncho ntchito spacecraft zinakhazikitsa. Anthu mipira kuti anadzazidwa theka mpweya, theka - mpweya amatchedwa Rosiere - m'malo mwa chi Montgolfier abale lina - anati Pilatre de A Rosier. Anagawa mpira chipolopolo mu magawo awiri, mmodzi amene anadzazidwa ndi wa hydrogen, ndi zina - ndi mpweya otentha. Iye anayesera kuti achite ndege pa foni yanu, koma wa hydrogen anagwira moto ndipo anaphedwa pamodzi ndi mnzake. Komabe, iwo anapanga mtundu chipangizo wakhala losadziwika. Balloons ndi helium ndi mpweya, kapena wa hydrogen ntchito mu aeronautics ano.