"Point-U" (kukhazikitsa): makhalidwe, chiwonongeko cha kuwonongeka, chithunzi

Pakatikati mwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi zinkadziwika ndi zojambula za rocket, ndipo nthawi zambiri ma rockets anafika ngakhale m'madera omwe nthawi zambiri ankakhala ndi zida zamatabwa. Mwapadera kwambiri m'munda uwu ndi Nikita Khrushchev. Komabe, panali muzinthu izi komanso mbali yawo yowala. Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵiyi USSR inakhazikitsa maziko olimbikitsa sayansi kuti pakhale chitukuko chachikulu cha makompyuta.

Kwa otere ndi "Tochka-U": kuyika uku kunali kwakukulu kuposa anthu onse akunja (ndipo pachiyambi panalibe konse). Tidzakudziwitsani mbiri ya chida ichi lero.

Zofunikira zoyenera kulenga

Pafupifupi zaka za m'ma 1960, Utumiki wa Chitetezo unayambitsa ntchito yatsopano ya ballistic ndi zochepa zochepa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya zida zoweta zida zapakhomo, mtengowo sunapangidwe ndi mphamvu ya nkhondoyo, koma molondola za msilikali. Zonse zojambula kale zikuwonetsa kuti iyi ndiyo njira yomwe iyenera kuchitika mu dziko latsopano, losinthidwa. Makamaka, zinali zotheka kukhumudwitsa dera la adani, popanda kufalitsa malo onse ozungulira.

Ndinaphunzitsidwa kuti ndikhale ndi ICF "Fakel". Ntchitoyi siinapangidwenso: miyala ikuluikulu yochokera ku M-11 "Storm" complex complex, yomwe poyamba idakonzedwa pa sitima, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko. Chotsatira choyamba chinali chipangizo cha Yastreb. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti zingagwiritse ntchito njira yothandizira mauthenga a wailesi. Mwachidule, pakadali pano tifunikira "kutsogolera" rocket pansi, nthawi zonse kusintha ndondomeko ya kuthawa kwake.

Kale mu 1965 "Hawk" inakhala polojekiti "Point". Gawo la msilikali linasiyidwa, koma injiniyo inagwiranso ntchito dongosolo lotsogolera. Kotero, iwo anasiya kwathunthu mauthenga a pa wailesi, akusonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophweka yopanda mphamvu. Sipanayesedwe koyeso ndi kuyesedwa pa maulendo angapo apamtunda a Soviet. Koma izi sizinali "Point-U". Kukonzekera kudadutsa njira yovuta kwambiri yopititsa patsogolo, monga opanga maulendowo ankakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano.

Ntchito yina

Ntchito zonse za "Torchi" sizinapitirirepo zithunzi ndi masewero. Pafupifupi mu 1966, zonsezi zinasamutsidwa ku Kolomenskoye Design Bureau, ndipo pulojekitiyi inayamba kuyang'aniridwa ndi S.P. Invincible. Komabe, alangizi a Kolomna anagwirizana kwathunthu ndi mfundo ya anzawo anzawo kuchokera ku "Torchi": ndithudi, dongosolo lotsogolera lachitukuko lidzakhala lolondola. Mwachilungamo, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti m'tsogolomu polojekitiyi idakonzedweratu. Ndipotu, dzina loti "Tochka-U" limangokhala lochokera kwa iye. Kukonzekera kunasintha kwambiri, kupanga kwake kumakhala kotsika mtengo.

Kawirikawiri, ntchito yogwira ntchitoyi inayamba mu 1968. Panthawiyi polojekitiyi inathandizira makampani ogwira ntchito za sayansi ndi zamakono pafupifupi 120, zomwe "Tochka-U" idalengedwa. Njira imeneyi idalimbikitsidwa ndi kuti panthawi yochepa sanafunikire kupanga rocket yokha, komanso makina opangidwa ndi mawotchi, komanso kukhazikitsa njira yoyambitsira ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zambiri zamagetsi. Mphamvu yaikulu ya Volgograd ya Barricades, yomwe idapangitsa kuti pakhale chowombera, komanso chojambula cha Bryansk, pomwe zinthu zonse zatsopano zapangidwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi kumangidwa.

Yesetsani kuyambitsa

Kawirikawiri, poyamba poyamba ankawona maulamuliro awiri a mthunzi, omwe makompyuta a "Tochka-U" angayambe. Yoyamba mwa izi inalengedwa ndi akatswiri a ku Kolomna, koma idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera ma polygoni. Makamaka, izi ndizomwe zinayesedwa panthawi ya mayesero a 1971, zomwe zinachitika ku Kapustin Yar. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ntchito yaikulu idagwidwa ndi kapangidwe kamene kamapangidwa ndi mbeu ya Barricade.

Zomwe zikuluzikulu za gulu la msilikali

Mu 1973, chomera cha Votkinsk ku Udmurtia chinayamba kusonkhanitsa makombero. Pa nthawi yomweyi, magawo oyambirira a mayesero a boma adayambitsidwa, malinga ndi zomwe "Tochka-U" adatengera. Kuikidwa kwa asilikali kumadziwika kwambiri pansi pa ndondomeko 9K79.

Maziko a zovuta zonsezi ndidothi lamodzi lokha lokhazikika mafuta 9M79. Nkhondo zonsezo zinali mamita 6.4, kukula kwake kunali 650 mm. Pofuna kukonza njirayi, magudumu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi msinkhu wa 1350-1400 mm. Dothi lokhala ndi mliri wolimbana ndi matani awiri amayamba, omwe matani osachepera limodzi ndi hafu anali molunjika pa gulu la msilikali. Masentimita 482 otsalawo analekanitsa ndalama zowonongeka komanso magetsi.

Mavuto ambiri adayambitsidwa ndi njira yolondola ya miyala ya rocket, yomwe inayambitsa kubwezera mishonala ndikuyifikitsa pamalopo. Pamapeto pake, tinayima pamapangidwe, omwe anaphatikizapo mphira, aluminium ufa, komanso gawo lalikulu la ammonium perchlorate. Mafuta amawatentha kunja kwa masekondi 18-28. Mng'omayo inalandira mpweya wambiri, womwe unali wokwanira kuthawa masekondi 235. Chifukwa chaichi, dongosolo la misomali la Tochka-U linakhala losawonongeka, chifukwa chojambulacho chinkagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osakanikirana ndi ophulika.

Zizindikiro za dongosolo lotsogolera

Monga gawo la zovutazo ndi zipangizo zambiri zamagetsi ndi zamakina, zomwe zimayenera kuwombera: chipangizo choyendetsa galimoto, kachipangizo ka analoji, masensa ambiri othamanga , etc. Maziko a mawonekedwewa anali chipangizo cha 9B64 chodabwitsa. Iye anali ndi udindo wolimbitsa nsanja paulendo. Kawirikawiri, msilikali wovuta "Tochka-U" anaonetsetsa kuti msilikaliyo wagonjetsedwa pa mtunda wa makilomita 50 ndipo osathamangitsidwa sanagwiritse ntchito mamita 30-40 omwe ayesedwa kale.

Kuchokera pa zipangizo zonse, deta inasamutsidwa ku kompyutala 9B65, yomwe idali ndi udindo wopanga ndege yopita. Icho chinachitika mophweka kwambiri: chipangizocho chimafanizira chidziwitso cholandilidwa ndi zizindikiro zomwe zinayikidwa mmenemo pachiyambi, ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, kukonza ndegeyo. Monga tanena kale, izi zinatheka mothandizidwa ndi zida zowonongeka, zomwe ziri kumapeto kwa projectile. Ngati nthawi ya kukonza mafuta akuthabe, magudumu oyendetsa gasi ayambanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zotulutsidwa ndi magetsi oyaka moto.

Ndondomekoyi ya "Tochka-U" idalinso yosiyana kwambiri ndi ena mwa anthu ena akunja, kumene kuyang'anira ndi kukonza maphunzirowo kunali kovuta kwambiri.

Njira zina zamakono

Popeza kuti nkhondo ndi zovuta zowonjezereka zinali zogwirizana kwambiri paulendowu, akatswiri a injini ankaika maganizo awo pa kukhazikitsa dongosolo lokonzekera lomwe lingayambe kugwira ntchito mwachindunji pamene likuyandikira. Panthawi imeneyi, gyroscope yovuta iyenera kugwiritsira ntchito projectile pamtunda wa 80 ° kufika pamzere wozungulira. Kawirikawiri, missile ya ballistic "Tochka-U", mosasamala kanthu kosavuta kwake kufanana ndi yotsika mtengo, imasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri molondola.

Deta pa malo a chandamaleyi inalowa musanatuluke rocket ku malo ofunikira pachiyambi. Zipangizo zolamulira ndi Argon converter zimangowerengera ndikupanga ntchito yopulumukira, kenako itasamutsidwa ku rocket.

Chokondweretsa kwambiri chinali njira yoyesera kayendedwe kabwino ka gyroscopic, kamene kanagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi missile ya ballistic "Tochka-U". Makamaka, mumapangidwe ake munali chipinda chapadera cha polyhedral chogwirizanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa omwe amazindikiridwa. Mu chipolopolo cha rocket munaliwindo laling'onoting'ono, kuwala komwe kunagwera pa polyhedron iyi ndipo kunawonetsera chimodzimodzi pa zipangizo zowonetsera.

Zimagwira ntchito pa kulengedwa kwa chisilamu chodzipangira

Pa gawo loyamba, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti chisilamu chidzapangidwa pamaziko a makina ena opangidwa ku Kharkov chomera. Komabe, pambuyo poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe a zitsanzo zonse, zosankha zinaperekedwa kwa kopangidwe kamene kamapangidwa pa Bungwe la Automobile la Bryansk. Malingana ndi chithusi choyandama ichi, 9P129 inalengedwa. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, malinga ndi zolembedwazo, ntchito ya "Tochka-U" inali yoyang'aniridwa ndi chomera cha Volgograd Barricade. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi zina zambiri zofunika za chisikizi zinapanga zomera za Petropavlovsk.

Zomangamanga ndi chasisi

Makinawo anali ndi injini ya dizilo, yomwe inayamba mphamvu mpaka 300 mphamvu ya akavalo. Injini yamphamvu inalola chomera choyambirira chokonzeka kuyendetsa pamsewu waukulu mofulumira kufika 60 km / h. Kupita kumsewu kulibe msinkhu wa magalimoto kufika 10-15 km / h. Ngati pakufunikira, chombo cha "Tochka-U" ndi mphamvu zake zokha chikhoza kuthana ndi zopinga zamadzi, ndikukula mofulumira kufika pa 10 km / h. Popeza kuti misala yonse ya chisikiyi sinadutse matani 18, ikhoza kunyamulidwa ndi pafupifupi ndege zonse zoyendetsa usilikali.

Chipinda cha rocket chinali choyambirira. Choncho, kumbuyo kwake kunapangidwanso kanyumba kowonjezera kutentha, komwe kanali kutetezera nkhondo ya projectile kuti ikhale yotentha kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri. Ndichinthu chinanso chodabwitsa ndi "Point-U"? Makhalidwe a ntchito yoyamba yokonzekera bwino amasiyanitsa momveka bwino kumbuyo kwa machitidwe ena onse apansi chifukwa cha kuphweka komanso msanga kwambiri pakuchita ntchito zonse.

Kukonzekera ntchito yogonjetsa, ntchito yisanayambe

Muyeso wokonzekera kuyambika kuchokera ku sukuluyi umakhala wokonzeka mokwanira kwa mphindi 20 pafupipafupi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, gawo la mkango linagwiritsidwa ntchito poonetsetsa kuti chasisiyo ikhale yolimba kwambiri. Njira zina zonse zinachitidwa ndi mawerengedwe ophunzitsidwa nthawi zambiri mofulumira. Motero, kuikidwa kwa "Point-U" kokha (chithunzi chilipo m'nkhani) ndizovuta kwenikweni.

Kutumiza kwa malamulo ku dongosolo lolamulira kunali kwenikweni masekondi angapo, kukweza mthunzi kupita ku malo ofunikira kunatenga masekondi 15, pambuyo pake nkutheka mwamsanga kuyambitsa. Kuwonjezeka kwa ziwombankhanga zikhoza kufika 78 °. Choncho, zovuta "Tochka-U" ndi chida chodabwitsa, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, panthawi yabwino, chimatenga mphindi ziwiri.

Mu ndege yopanda malire, makanema amatsogoleredwe amatha kutsegula chithunzithunzi 15 ° kumanja ndi kumanzere pafupi ndi chigawo chapakati cha chisiyiti chodziletsa. Pamene ankawombera pamtunda wa makilomita 70, msilikaliyo anadutsa mtunda uwu maminiti angapo chabe. Panthawiyi, woyendetsa "Tochka-U" amayenera kusunthira ku malo oyendayenda ndikuyamba kuchoka ku malo omwe "anawunika". Kubwezeretsa zovutazo kunatenga pafupifupi mphindi 19-20.

Makina oyendetsa katundu

Kodi ndizinanso ziti zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi "Tochka-U"? Makhalidwe ake a ngongole, ngati simunayiwale, mutenge kuti projectile ndi matani awiri. Choncho n'zosatheka kuchita popanda makina osungira katundu, omwe adapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi chisilamu cha BAZ-5922. Mu thupi lake muli malo a zida ziwiri, zomwe zida zogonjetsedwa zimaphimbidwa ndi kutsekemera kotentha. Kuyika mapulojekiti pamtunda ukuchitika mothandizidwa ndi galimoto yonyamula katundu, yomwe ili gawo la 9T128 kupanga.

Makamaka, makomboti akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali mu makina oyendetsa galimoto, koma ndi bwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zida zitsulo zopangidwa kuti zithandize. Ndi chifukwa chanji ichi? Ngati chingwe cha "Point-U" (chithunzi chake chikupezeka mobwerezabwereza mu nkhaniyi) chinali chosasinthika, msilikali akhoza kuwulukira paliponse, koma osati cholinga.

Pofuna kuyendetsa mtunda wautali, makina apadera 9T222 kapena 9T238 amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe ali matrekta oyenera. Makina oterowo akhoza kunyamula zida ziwiri / zida kapena zida zinayi. Ziribe kanthu "Point-U" yabwino, zizindikiro zake zinayamba kuwonongeka ndi nthawi. Inde, ntchito inali itayamba kuchepetsa zipangizozi.

Kusinthidwa ndi kukonzanso

Zotsatira za ntchitoyi ndizovomerezedwa mu 1983 za zovuta za "Tochka-R". Momwemo, zimasiyanasiyana ndi kachitidwe kakang'ono kokha mwa njira yatsopano yowonetsera msilikali pa chandamale. Zowonjezereka, ojambulawo adabwereranso ku lingaliro la radar akuyang'ana dongosolo. Chipangizo chatsopanochi chikhoza kukwaniritsa makilomita 15, kenako njira zowonongeka zomwe zinachokera ku "Point" wakale zinayambika. Komabe, kukhazikitsa kwatsopano kungagwiritse ntchito mndandanda wonse wa mizere yomwe inamasulidwa kale.

Kuyambira mu 1984, ntchito yatsopano yayamba, popeza ngakhale zida za "Tochka-U" zowonjezera mbadwo watsopanowu sizinakhudze zankhondo zambiri. Mayeserowa anachitika kale mu 1986. Patadutsa zaka zitatu, ntchitoyi idasinthidwa ndikuyamba ntchitoyi. Monga momwe zinalili kale, kusintha kwakukulu kunakhudza mwachindunji mbali ya rocket. Chotsatira chake, "Point" yakukula idakula pafupifupi 250 kilograms.

Koma izi sizodziwika ndi kukhazikitsa kwatsopano "Point-U". Chiwonetsero cha kugonjetsedwa chinapitsidwanso. Msilikali watsopano unalandira injini yamphamvu yolemera tani imodzi. Kuthamanga komweku kunakula mwamsanga kufika makilomita 120, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti apange nyukiliya ya projectiles.

Mabaibulo atsopano a mizati ya ballistic

Musanayambe kukonzanso, maofesiwa analandira magulu omenyana a mitundu yatsopano. Kawirikawiri, lero pali mitundu yambiri ya zipolopolo za "Toots":

• 9M79 . Chitsanzo cha rocket ndicho choyamba, chinawoneka pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsa komweko.

• 9M79M . Njira yoyamba yamakono. Pachifukwa ichi, luso la zojambula palokha linasinthidwa kwambiri. Kuonjezera apo, izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti zonse zogwirizana ndi njira zatsopano zowatsogolera zowunikira. Mishoni yowonjezera ili ndi ndondomeko ya 9M79R.

• 9M79-1 . Msilikali wotchedwa dzina limeneli amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa kuthawa kwake.

• 9M79-GVM . Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha maphunziro a msilikali womenyana, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa kuwerengera nkhondo. Mu maonekedwe, iwo amatha kubereka mwatsatanetsatane nkhondo zawo "oyang'anira".

Mitundu ya asilikali

Magulu ankhondo a mabombawo si osiyana kwambiri. Apa tikupereka kwambiri.

• 9H123 . Mtundu wogawanitsa wapamwamba. Ntchitoyi inatsirizika kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. M'mawonekedwe ake, pali pafupifupi 163 kilogalamu ya zidutswa zowonongeka ndi 14.5 zikwi zisanu. Akhoza kuphimba malo okwana mahekitala atatu. Tiyenera kukumbukira apa kuti panthawi yopangidwira, mawerengero ochulukirapo anapangidwa, malinga ndi momwe masewera a trotyl ali pambali mpaka kumalo ozungulira a rocket, motero kuonetsetsa kuti chigawochi chikugawanika pamtunda.

Ndi chifukwa cha pulojekitiyi kuti maulendo a "Tochka-U" sakukondedwa pakati pa asilikali. Kugonjetsedwa kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito kuli pafupi ndi 100%. N'zotheka kubisala ku zinthu zowonongeka kwambiri pokhazikika pogona.

• 9H123K. Ndi chotani chodabwitsa pa msilikali uyu "Tochka-U"? Makhalidwe ake ndi ophweka: nsalu ya masango ndi masamu 50. Mmodzi mwa iwo ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kolemera masekeli 7.5, ndi kilo imodzi ndi hafu yomwe imakhala ikuwombera. Kusiyanitsa "mabomba" kumwaza za zidutswa zokwana 316, koma chifukwa cha kufalikira kwawo pamtunda wa makilomita awiri omwe amatha kufika mahekitala asanu ndi awiri pa nthawi. Pofuna kufalitsa makaseti ambiri mofanana, kugwa kwawo kumakhazikika ndi ma-bandachuti.
• Nkhondo za nyukiliya ndi index 9H39. Mphamvu - makina 10 okongola. Koma palinso chitsanzo cha 9N64, chimene mphamvu yake ili kale 100-200 (malinga ndi magulu osiyanasiyana) kiloton. Mipu yonse yomwe inaperekedwa ndi mitu ya nkhondo ya nyukiliya inalembedwa ndi kalata "B". Kwa moyo wonse wa zovutazi, sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kamodzi.

Ndicho chimene msilikali wovuta "Tochka-U" amadziwika ndi. Zithunzi, zomwe zili zochuluka zopezeka m'nkhaniyi, zidzakulolani kuti mudziwe nokha.