Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu: Hrs malo, kasamalidwe, m'mizinda ikuluikulu

Chernigov (kapena Chernihiv-Seversky) ukulu anali mmodzi wa limati chofunika kwambiri chimene anathyola umwini poyamba wamba Rurik. The ukulu nthawi zonse nakweza mmizinda, chifukwa Mapeto unatha mu fiefdoms ang'onoang'ono. M'zaka za m'ma XIV ya Grand Duchy la Lithuania m'gulu m'mayiko subordinated Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu.

Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi gawo la ukulu wa

M'dera waukulu wa ukulu ili mu beseni wa Desna ndi Sejm, anagawira kum'mawa gombe la Dnieper. C. Don amalonda anakokera kufika Zakudya zake kugwera chingamu, ndi izo - mu Dnepr. Ndi pa malonda mu mitsinje iyi ndi yochokera mphamvu zawo Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu. Chiwerengero ntchito anali lililonse kwa chapakati Russia dziko pa nthawi. Mbali yaikulu ya dziko adayilimira, kudula ndi moto wa m'nkhalango.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu zinaphatikizapo madera osiyana. Kwa ambiri a mbiriyakale yake mu West, izo zinali zochepa kumayiko a Chernigov, kummawa pa chimake m'gulu ngakhale Moore. The kwambiri kwa mzinda wake pambuyo Chernigov kwambiri nkhani anakhalabe Novgorod-Seversky, mu zaka lomaliza kuli osadalira pa likulu la boma anali Bryansk.

Ukulu amakhala palokha

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Chernihiv inasandulika chilikati cha ukulu osiyana pambuyo nkhondo ya yolimba mu 1024. Ichi ndi nkhondo yomaliza ndi lalikulu pakati pa ana a St. Vladimir. Pa nkhondo Mstislav kufika anagonjetsa Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Wanzeru ina), koma sanapitirize kulimbana ndi nsembe kutenga Kumvetsela kugawanitsa dziko. Mstislav tinatengera mudzi waukulu wa basi anatsimikizira Chernigov. Koma Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu sanapeze mu nkhope ya zodabwitsa dzina Prince Chotsani tate wa mafumu a - mwana wake yekhayo Eustace anafa pamaso pa atate wake ndi wake sanadzisiyira olowa. Choncho pamene mu 1036 Mstislav anafa kusaka, katundu wake anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Yaroslav.

Yaroslav Mudry, monga amadziwika asanamwalire anagawa boma lake pakati pa ana ake. Chernihiv ali Svyatoslav. Kenako mtsogolo palokha Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu. Akalonga a ufumuwo ankatchedwa Olegovichy m'malo mwa mwana wake Svyatoslav Oleg.

Kulimbana oloŵa Yaroslava Mudrogo wa ukulu wa

Yaroslav Mudry anapatsa atatu ana ake kukhala dziko. Ana (Izyaslav, Vsevolod ndi Svyatoslav) ndipo panali zaka pafupifupi zaka 20 - ali mbali ya Union, amene panopa amatchedwa Triumvirate Yaroslavichy.

Koma mu 1073, mothandizidwa ndi Vsevolod, Svyatoslav lankhosa Izyaslav nakhala Grand Duke, ogwirizana mu ulamuliro wake wa Kyiv ndi Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu. Patatha zaka zitatu, Svyatoslav anafa chifukwa iye anayesetsa yochotsa chotupacho. Ndiye Vsevolod yanjanitsidwani ndi Izyaslav anabwerera ku Poland, nampatsa wachifumu wa Kiev ndipo anadalitsidwa ndi iye Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu.

abale malamulo a kusokonekera kwa dziko wakumanitsa ana a Svyatoslav wa Chernigov. Iwo amapita pamodzi ndi izi. Nkhondo panthawi imeneyi inali nkhondo pa Nezhatina Field. Panthawi imeneyi, Vsevolod anagonjetsedwa, Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu anasiya iye (komanso Kiev, chifukwa Izyaslav anafa mikondo mdani).

Vuto la Oleg Svyatoslavich: kunja

Monga ndanenera pamwamba, pa mapeto mtundu wa Chernigov-Seversk kalonga anapita ndendende ndi Oleg Svyatoslavich. Koma njira cholowa bambo ake sanali mosavuta.

Atagonjetsedwa ku nkhondo ya Nezhatina Nive Olegu ndi Aroma anakwanitsa kuthawa cholowa cha chachiwiri - Tmutarakan. Koma posakhalitsa Aroma anapha adampereka anzake, Cumans, Khazars ndi Oleg anagwira ndipo umasamutsidwa ku Constantinople.

Sizikudziwika zimene mapulani anali mfumu Byzantine za mdzukulu Yaroslava Mudrogo, Mulimonsemo iwo asintha kwambiri pambuyo kupanduka kwa wotchuka Varangian Alonda, amene ndiye anali mbadwa za dziko Russian.

Ndale chinachititsa mu chochitika sanali: monga asilikali, kukhala mu mkhalidwe woledzera, anaukira kuchipinda lachifumu. Kulankhula analephera, ophunzira anali atakhululukidwa koma ukapolo wochokera ku likulu, ndi Varangian Alonda kuyambira nthawi imeneyo inkakhala ndi Anglo-Saxon, amene anathawira ku England pambuyo dziko anagonjetsedwa ndi William Mgonjetsi. No zokhudza Oleg anagalukira nawo, koma anatumidwa - pachilumba cha Rhodes.

Pa nkhani ya Oleg Rhodes pang'onopang'ono anayamba kusintha. Iye anakwatira woyimira ya banja otchuka Feofano Muzalon. Mu 1083 iye mwachionekere ndi thandizo la detachment Byzantine, zimapangitsa kuti Khazars ndipo Tmutarakani si mkulu, osati kazembe Byzantine.

Vuto la Oleg Svyatoslavich: kubwerera ku Chernihiv

Mu 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich anafa ndi Polovtsy anaukira dziko Russian, kuphatikizapo Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu, malo Hrs amaloledwa ndithu anthu woyendayendawu wa steppes kwa Nyanja Black kuti kuchikwaniritsa. Iwo anathandiza Cumans Oleg Svyatoslavich nkhondo cholowa bambo ake. Motsutsa wongosamukasamuka mwana wotchuka Vsevolod Vladimir Monomah.

Chaka chotsatira chinali Svyatoslavich Chernihiv. Iye anakhala Ufumuyo iye ndi midzi ina ya ukulu, anapita kokayenda pa Moore, Rostov ndi Suzdal, koma anagonjetsedwa ndi ana Vladimira Monomaha Mstislav ndi Vyacheslav ndi Polovtsian (amene tsopano mwamvera mbali ya Vladimir).

Kukhazikitsa mtendere otsiriza pakati pa akalonga Russian, mu 1097 ndinkakhala nalo wotchuka Congress mu Lubicz. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti wotetezedwa chizolowezi azingokhala Saint Vladimir cholowa cholowa. Koma nkhani imeneyi, nkofunika kuti Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu, ngakhale kugonjetsedwa kwa Oleg, Prince anasamukira ku yomaliza iyi.

Novgorod Severskij wosiyana ukulu

Specific kugawikana - nthawi zonse nkhondo pakati pa akalonga. Pafupifupi onse a iwo asankha kukuza Mabuku awo, ndipo ambiri - kutenga mpando wachifumu mu Kiev. Mwakhama nkhondo izi ndi Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu. malo Geographical (moyandikana ndi Kiev ndi ulamuliro pa gawo la Dnieper) kuti analimbikitsidwa. Chifukwa kwambiri wa ukulu inawonongeka kachiwiri.

ukulu Large ndisungunuka mu fiefs ang'onoang'ono. Novgorod-Seversky inasandulika chilikati cha ukulu osiyana kwambiri kuti akonze msonkhano wa akalonga Liubech mu 1097, koma kwa nthawi yaitali anali bwanamkubwa wa wolowa mpando Chernigov. Mu 1164, pambuyo pa imfa Svyatoslava Olgovicha, mgwirizano wakhala anamaliza pakati pa mwana wake, Oleg, ndipo wamkulu wa asuweni Oleg - Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Malinga ndi izo, poyamba ndinapita Chernigov, ndipo chachiwiri - Novgorod-Seversky. Choncho, mizinda anayamba kulamulira mafumu palokha.

Pang'onopang'ono anapitiriza kugawikana ndi maukulu izi mu fiefdoms ang'onoang'ono.

kuwukira Batu a

Ndisungunuka mu fiefdoms yaing'ono ukulu sanathe kupambana Chitata Mongol asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi Batu Khan (mu Russian mwambo Batu). Pali mafotokozedwe ambiri lino, chachikulu - mzinda si ogwirizana mdani wamba. Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu - chitsimikiziro zithunzi.

Anakhala cholinga cha kunyanyala mdani yaikulu mu 1239, koma anagonjetsedwa ndi woyamba wa cholowa chake koma mu yapita 1238-m. Pambuyo nkhonyayo choyamba, Prince Mihail Chernigovsky sanakonzekere kubweza mantha chachikulu. Iye anathawira ku Hungary, zaka zingapo kumbuyo, anapita ku gulu ndipo anafa chifukwa chokana kuchita miyambo yachikunja (canonized monga woyera wofera), koma pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Chitata Mongol anali konse anamasulidwa.

Kumenyana Chernihiv walunjika kale kuzifuna mpando wachifumu Kalonga mumzinda Mstislav Glebovich. Koma popanda thandizo anakaniza Chernihiv ena ukulu ndi anagonja Mstislav anathamanga kachiwiri mu Hungary.

Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu anatchuka kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha wina wa midzi yake yaing'ono - Kozelsk. Mzinda malamulo khanda kalonga (zaka 12), koma inamangidwa angaloŵe. Kozelsk inali pa phiri awiri mitsinje (Zhizdra ndi Drugusnoy) mabanki phompho. Kutetezedwa inatenga 7 masabata (yaitali kufotokoza yekha wamphamvu Kiev). N'zochititsa chidwi Kozelsk tokha pankhondoyi: mphamvu yaikulu ya Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu, mu 1238 akadali asanamve kuwukira, sinayambe kum'thandiza.

Mu Chitata Mongol goli

Atangochoka anagonjetsa maiko Russian ndi Chitata Mongol ufumu odukaduka. Batu Khan anali wakhama polimbana ndi ana a Genghis Khan ndi mzake. Chifukwa, iye anakhala wolamulira wa munthu wa zidutswa mphamvu zake - Golden gulu (amene anamvera ndipo dziko Russian).

Mu ulamuliro wa olamulira Golden gulu simunataye mphamvu zawo, koma iwo anali ndi ufulu kutsimikizira izo, chifukwa, iwo anapita chiguluchi kupeza otchedwa mutsatire. Olusa zopindulitsa kusamalira m'mayiko Russian manja okha Russian.

Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu kasamalidwe anamanga mfundo zofanana. Koma likulu lake ankatembenukira. Tsopano, akalonga wamkulu wa Chernigov anayamba kulamulira ku Bryansk. Ndi zochepa wa Chernigov ndi Novgorod-Seversky anadwala kuwukira lapansi.

Olegovichy kuti sangathe bungwe chitetezo cha ukulu zotayika mutu. Pa nthawi ilo akalonga a Smolensk.

Mu Grand Duchy la Lithuania

Mu 1357 anagwidwa Bryansk Grand Duke la Lithuania Algirdas. Posachedwapa ena cholowa Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu mbali ya Grand Duchy la Lithuania. M'pofunikanso n'kunena mawu ochepa za Algirdas amene zoyesayesa Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu anabwera ku mphamvu ya Chitata Mongol.

Algirdas sanali mwana wamkulu wa m'mbuyomo Grand Duke la Lithuania Gedemin, koma zaka 4 atamwalira atate wake, iye anali kulimbikitsa m'bale wake Keistut ali ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba. Mwa ana ake wotchuka - Jagiello. Motero, ana a Algirdas anali Jagiellonians - mafumu, amene analamulira ku mayiko angapo kum'mawa kwa Ulaya Central.

Pamene Algirdas ndi Kęstutis kupeza mphamvu wamkulu pa Grand Duchy la Lithuania, ankauza mphamvu. Keystut chinkhoswe mu chitetezo cha malire a kumadzulo, mdani wake waukulu anali Akhristu. Algirdas anatenga kum'mawa mfundo yachilendo. Mdani wake wamkulu anali Zolotaya Orda ndipo amadalira boma lake (umodzi umene unali pa nthawi Muscovy). Algirdas anapambana. Iye anagonjetsa Tartars mu 1362 mu nkhondo yaikulu pa Blue Madzi ndi linalanda ku Grand Duchy la Lithuania ambiri cholowa wakale wa Rurik. Iye anakhala mwini likulu woyamba Russian mafumu - Kiev.

Mu Grand Duchy la Lithuania kwa nthawi yaitali kudziyimira pawokha, motero mbali Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu, chifukwa mwaukadaulo unakhalabe palokha, izo kukhala kazembe wa Vilna. The womaliza anali Prince Roma Mikhailovich, amene pambuyo pake idzalamulira Smolensk, komwe mu 1401 anaphedwa ndi anthu okwiya a mzinda. M'zaka za m'ma XV, cholowa cha kale Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu anataya ufulu wodzilamulira.

afterword

Mwa mayiko, amene anaphwanya boma kamodzi mogwirizana Rurik, chidwi kwambiri inali Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu. Khalidwe la nkhani yake ndi yambiri poyerekezera ndi zinthu zakale Yaroslava Mudrogo, koma ali ake masamba yowala chidwi.

Kuima padera, ndisungunuka mu fiefdoms, sakanakhoza kupereka kukana kuti nkhondo ya ku Mongolia, ndipo anamvera, ndipo kenako Grand Duchy la Lithuania. Mu 1569, mayiko ake anatitumiza ufumu Polish.

Zigawo ndi, Chernihiv-Seversky ukulu zinachitika ambiri kubadwa otchuka a Grand Duchy la Lithuania ndi Polish-Chilituyaniya Commonwealth. Yotchuka kwambiri iwo - akalonga Novosilsky.