Teutonic Order ndi Russia: kutsutsidwa

History, monga ife tikudziwira, akubwerezedwa. Zaka zapitazi, muyezo wa mphamvu pa mapu geopolitical wasintha nthawi zambiri, anaonekera na ciyezezo boma, chifuniro cha olamulira asilikali anathamangira kwa mphepo mpanda wolimba, akutali akufa, zikwizikwi za asilikali osadziwika. The kukumana kwa Russia ndi wa Teutonic Order ndi chitsanzo cha khama kukuza otchedwa "azungu asintha" pa East Ulaya, idatha kulephera. funso n'lakuti, kodi panali mwayi wa asilikali knightly chigonjetso.

The vuto koyamba

Kumapeto kwa akhumi m'ma kumpoto Lazaro inali pamalo amene angagwiritsidwe yodziwika ndi mawu amadziwika "pakati pa nyundo ndi Chipala." Batu anachita kum'mwera chakumadzulo, kufunkha ndi kulanda anthuwo Asilavo ukulu. kufalitsa Teutonic Knights anayamba gawo la Baltic. Cholinga njira wa makamu wachikhristu, papa analengeza, inkakhala kubweretsa Chikatolika ku chikumbu mtima cha anthu akomweko, kutsata pamene chikunja. Finno-Ugric ndi Baltic mafuko anali kutsutsidwa ofooka m'njira usilikali, ndipo nkhondo ya gawo loyamba la osauka ndithu bwinobwino. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1184 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana loyamba, nambala ya kupambana amaloledwa kukhala bwino, kukhazikitsa Nyumbayi Riga ndi kulimbikitsa ndi bridgehead chiwawa zina. Makamaka European nkhondo zomenyera Rome analengeza mu 1198, iye anali pa dongosolo kukhala ngati kubwezera kugonjetsedwa mu Land Woyera. Njira ndi zolinga woona anali kutali ndi ziphunzitso za Kristu - iwo anali kutchulidwa zolinga zandale ndiponso zachuma. Mu mawu ena, Akhristu nafika ku dziko la Estonians ndi Livonians kuti abe ndi adani. Kumalire a kum'mawa kwa Teutonic Order ndi Russia pa chiyambi cha XIII m'ma zaimeli malire wamba.

nkhondo siteji koyamba

Ubwenzi Teutons ndi Lazaro anali ovuta, khalidwe lawo unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a akutulukira zenizeni usilikali ndale. nkhawa Trade zinachititsa kuti mapangano kanthawi ntchito olowa ndi mafuko achikunja, pamene zinthu malinga zinthu zina. General chikhulupiriro cha Chikhristu, Komabe, sanalephere Knights pang'onopang'ono titsatire lamulo ndodo chikhulupiriro katolika wa anthu Asilavo, chimene chinapangitsa mavuto. 1212 zinali zodzaza ndi nkhondo ophatikizana khumi ndi masauzande a Novgorod ndi polochanskogo asilikali chiwerengero cha maloko. Pambuyo ndi osayanjanitsika mwachidule. Teutonic Order ndi Russia analowa nthawi ya nkhondo, amene anali lolimba kwa zaka zambiri.

ziletso Western XIII m'zaka

"Chronicle wa Livonia" Henrik kakunena za kuzinga Nyumbayi Novgorod Wenden mu 1217. Adani a Germany ndi Danes akhala amene ankafuna kuti akathyole chidutswa awo a nthuza ya Baltic. Anayambitsa gulu la asilikali, linga "Taan Lynn" (tsopano Revel). Izi zinadzetsa mavuto zina, kuphatikizapo zokhudza anthu ndi kupereka. Mogwirizana ndi awa ndi ambiri zina, iye ankayenera kuti mobwerezabwereza kubwereza ndondomeko asilikali ndi Teutonic Order. Mtima Russia kusanduka anawazunza chipangizo pa outposts anapitiriza chofunika miyeso kwambiri kutsutsa.

Komabe, oyang'anira si kwathunthu mogwirizana ndi zokhumba za. Papa Gregory IX kuchita m'ziwawa zochita nkhondo alibe zokwanira chuma zachuma ndi, kuwonjezera pa miyeso maganizo akanatha kutsutsa Russian mphamvu yekha chuma anatseka misewu ya Novgorod, chidachitika mu 1228. Masiku ano, zimenezi adzatchedwa ziletso. Iwo akhala lopambana, Gotland amalonda mulibe nsembe phindu chifukwa cha zolinga papa ndewu ndi mbali ambiri ananyalanyaza kofuna anatseka misewu ndi.

Mfundo za magulu a "Teutonic Knights"

More kapena zochepa bwino yokopa mu munda wa Knights anapitiriza mu ulamuliro wa Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, pansi Yuriev chigonjetso wabweretsa mzinda kwa mndandanda wa makhwawa a Novgorod (1234). Ndipotu, kabwerebwere kwa misa chikumbumtima chifanizo cha khamu atavala mu zida za Akhristu a, Russian itachita kwa mzinda, analengedwa ndi Opanga filimuyi (makamaka Sergeem Eyzenshteynom), mwachionekere, si zogwirizana ndi mbiri yoona. Knights zambiri Pamalo kulimbana, kuyesera anamanga nyumba m'malinga, zina kufika anawazunza mmene wolimba, monga wofuna. Teutonic Order ndi Russia mu mmasate za m'ma XIII anali zapansi gwero osiyana, ndipo ubale wawo kusanduka zambiri osati mokomera ankhondowo German.

Alexander Nevsky

Mutu Prince a Novgorod waweruzidwa kugonjetsa asilikali a Sweden, omwe ankayesetsa lidzaponyedwe 1240 pa nthaka Russian, pa kamwa ya Neva. Zolinga "ankafika" ndi mosakayika, ndi achinyamata, koma kale wodziwa zambiri mtsogoleri wa asilikali (sukulu bambo) anatsogolera gulu lake yaing'ono tingalimbanirane. Chigonjetso inali mphoto kulimba mtima, ndipo izo sizinali otsiriza. Kampeni wina ku Russia wa Teutonic Order, kugwiridwa ndi Ankhondo mu 1242, unatha mu kulephera kwa aggressors lapansi. nkhondo dongosolo, omwe kenako ena amati "Nkhondo pa Ice" anali kwakukuru pakati ndi bwinobwino akuyendera. Prince Alexander Nevsky moganizira za peculiarities alili, pogwiritsa ntchito njira sagwirizana nazo, anasankha thandizo la gulu, analandira thandizo lake lalikulu lankhondo, ambiri, kutsatira zinthu zonse zilipo ndipo anapambana, analemekeza dzina lake kupyola mu mibadwo. Pansi pa Peipsi anasiya mphamvu ndithu mdani, ndi onse a asilikali anaphedwa kapena analandidwa. 1262 ikusonyezedwa m'mabuku a mbiri yakale monga tsiku la mgwirizano Novgorod ndi Chilituyaniya kalonga Mindaugas, amene azingidwa anatengedwera Wenden osati opambana kwathunthu, koma zinalephereka: ndi magulu a adani achititsa zinawonongeka kwambiri. Zitachitika izi, Teutonic Order ndi Russia pafupi kutha ntchito mothandizana asilikali kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kodi nyengo Novgorod pa nsoka wa muzochitika za chikoka cha mgwirizano.

Akamaliza mkangano

nkhondo zonse lidzatha. Ndipo zinatha kukumana yaitali, amene adasonkhana Livonia Teutonic Order ndi Russia. Mwachidule kutchula akhale wa akutchulidwa komaliza nkhondo yaikulu yaitali - Nkhondo ya Wesenberg, tsopano pafupi kuiwalika. Iye unachitikira mu February 1268 ndipo anasonyeza mpheto ya ophatikizana Chidanishi-German asilikali, amene ankafuna kusintha wonse zinthu njira kupembedzera kwawo. Pa gawo loyamba la Knights anakwanitsa adzawathamangitsa udindo wa ankhondo otsogozedwa ndi mwana wa Alexander Nevsky, wotchedwa Dmitry. Pambuyo ndi counterattack la asilikali zikwi zisanu, ndi mdani anathawa. Yokhala, nkhondo itatha mu Lembani: asilikali Russian analephera mpanda wolimba anazinga ndi iwo (mwina vuto limeneli ndipo sananenedwe kwa mantha zomvetsa chachikulu), koma ichi ndi ena akuyesetsa zochepa wofuna kutenga Teutons kanthu analephera. Lero iwo amafanana nyumba okha anapulumutsidwa.