Kulimbana ndi ... kukulingalira kwa Trigonometric. Mitundu yolingirira

Kukhazikika - mtundu wa miyezo geodetic. Ndi izi, ife kupeza misanje wachibale wa mfundo zosiyanasiyana za padziko lapansi. Pamene mlingo ochiritsira mu miyeso amenewa akhoza kutenga zinthu zachilengedwe zotero monga mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja, minda, kapena ena poyambira. Kwenikweni, kukhazikika - tanthauzo la mfundo choposa pamwamba aliyense sakugwirizana pa anapatsidwa (Buku). miyezo amenewa zifunika kwambiri kuphunzira molondola madera mpumulo. M'tsogolo, deta awa ntchito pokonza ndondomeko malo, mapu, kapena ntchito yake.

Kodi zosiyanasiyana kusalaza?

miyezo amenewa angathe kuchitidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kapena luso ntchito. Tiyeni tione zimene ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya kukhazikika. Ambiri njira zisanu: a zojambula, trigonometric, barometric, makina ndi hydrostatic muyeso pamalo. More yodziwa aliyense wa iwo.

mzimu kukhazikika

Ndi njira choyezera, mtunda ntchito njanji wapadera ndi zojambula kukhazikika chipangizo. kuwombera mfundo ndi kukhazikitsa njanji zikoti ndi kugawikana mfundo kufunika pafupi pamwamba akuphunziridwa. Pambuyo pake, ntchito yopingasa akuonadi mtengo, kuyeza kutalika kusiyana. Zojambula kukhazikika imagwiridwa mogwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti "pakati" kapena "patsogolo". Mu njira muyeso mfundo woyamba awiri slats pamwamba wokwera, chipangizo ndi equidistant pakati pawo chapatali. Zotsatira kafukufuku ndi deta choposa gawo limodzi pa ena. Yachiwiri njira ndi tingachipeze powerenga - wina wagawo ndi chikombole wina. Izi njira kukhazikika ndi ambiri. Iwo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga onse zinthu zazing'ono (nyumba) kapena zikuluzikulu (milatho).

trigonometric kukhazikika

Mu mtundu uwu wa kuyeza ntchito si zachilendo ntchito zipangizo zapadera goniometric, ndipo amatchedwa theodolites. Ndi iwo, kuchotsa mfundo za kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ya ndingaliro ya reticle mtengo umene umadutsa awiri mfundo anakonzeratu padziko. Trigonometric kusalaza chimagwiritsidwa ntchito miyezo topographic kudziwa kutalika kusiyana kwa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zili pa mtunda wautali ndi mzake, koma chida kuwala mu zone ya aone.

Barometric chingwe pamwamba

Barometric kukhazikika - njira muyeso zochokera mpweya wa kuthamanga mumlengalenga malingana ndi msinkhu wa mfundo pamwamba anatsimikiza. The ndondomeko kuwerenga imagwiridwa ntchito barometer. dongosolo kukhazikika ayenera kuganizira angapo kusinthidwa kwa mpweya kutentha lenileni chinyezi ake. Njira wapeza ntchito m'madera akumidzi (mwachitsanzo zinthu phiri) pa maulendo osiyanasiyana ndi malo a dziko ndi miyala.

Mawotchi (luso) kuyeza pamwamba

Luso kukhazikika zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito yapadera chipangizo - kusalaza makina. Ntchito ikuchitika kutsatira mbiri ya m'dera anaphunzira mode ndi zodziwikiratu kudzera litayamba mikangano, amene analemba mtunda yokutidwa ndi kuika chowongolera, omwe amasonyeza choimirira. Chotero chipangizo ndi amangoona wokwera pa galimoto ndipo popitapita kuchokera ina kumatanthauza kuti wina. Luso kukhazikika kudziwa kutalika kusiyana pakati pa zinthu kuphunzira, mtunda wa pakati pawo ndi mbiri alili, omwe chili pa photowire wapadera.

Kuyeza pamwamba Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic kukhazikika - njira zochokera pa mfundo za kanthu ziwiya kulankhulana. Kutenga njira imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi chipangizo hydrostatic, amene umagwira ntchito ndi zolakwa za millimeters awiri. kukhazikika otere anasonkhana kwa awiri machubu galasi cholukanalukana ndi payipi, dongosolo ladzala ndi madzi. The ndondomeko muyeso ndi motere - chubu Ufumuyo njanji imene lonse umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo n'kupanga amene anaika padziko zinthu kuphunzira, malinga ndi chigawo chilemba mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva za kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa awiri. Mapulani ali drawback kwambiri, womwe ndi malire a chingwe osiyanasiyana, amene anafotokozedwa ndi kutalika payipi.

The njira anafotokoza za kusalaza (kupatula mawotchi) ndi lophweka ndipo popanda kudziwa zenizeni za katundu kwa woyendetsa, kotero ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma.

makalasi kayesedwe

njira Komanso ya miyeso kupanga kukhazikika zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu molondola. Aliyense wa iwo limafanana ndi mtundu winawake ndi njira zambiri katengedwe. Taganizirani zimene muli magulu kukhazikika.

1. Kalasi yoyamba akuti ndi zolondola kwambiri. Iwo limafanana ndi mwachisawawa rms zolakwa za millimeters 0,8 pa kilometre komanso mwadongosolo, ndi 0,08 mamilimita / Km.
2. M'kalasi yachiwiri amadziwikanso ankaona kuti zolondola kwambiri. Komabe, kulakwitsa ndi pang'ono apamwamba - ndi rms kusokera 2.0 mamilimita / Km, komanso mwadongosolo - 0.2 mamilimita / Km.
3. M'kalasi yachitatu. Iwo limafanana ndi zikutanthauza lalikulu zolakwa za 5.0 mamilimita / Km, ndi mwadongosolo ananyalanyaza.
4. kalasi chachinayi. Iwo limafanana ndi zolakwa zikutanthauza lalikulu, lomwe ndi wofanana 10,0 mamilimita / Km, dongosolo nazonso si n'komwe.

Malinga ndi makhalidwe a mtunda ndi kujambula ntchito zoikika angagwiritsire ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana deta kujambula. Mwachitsanzo, polygon, pamodzi mizere kufanana kapena ndi kusalaza pamwamba pa mabwalo a. Njira yamasika wotchuka kwambiri, izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchotsa kafukufuku wa madera akuluakulu momasuka ndi zigawo ochepa mtanda msinkhu. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.

A Kutha mabwalo a

Kusalaza pamwamba pa njira imeneyi imagwiridwa kuti apeze zikuluzikulu topographic mapulani lowland m'madera. Yosalala pamalo mfundo anatsimikiza poyika chimachititsanso theodolite. A kutalika - ndi miyezo geometrical ntchito kukhazikika luso. The ndondomeko deta kuwerenga angathe kuchitidwa mu njira ziwiri zosiyana: ndi kusalaza ziyangoyango imayenda kuwonongedwa mwapang'onopang'ono widths ndi mabwalo.

Kusalaza mabwalo ntchito ananyema pansi kudzera tepi chingwe ndi theodolite (thumba ndi mamita makumi awiri mbali selo) pamene anayeza pamlingo 1: 500 ndi 1: 1000, makumi anayi mamita - pamene kulasa 1: 2000 ndi mamita zana pa 1: 5000.

Pa nthawi yomweyo zinandipangitsa kukonza zinthu m'dera kuphunzira ndi ndondomeko kukopedwa. njirayi imagwiridwa ndi njira mofanana mu kafukufuku theodolite. Kuwonjezera pa nsonga za maselo, pa nthaka atathana khalidwe la zinthu mpumulo - kuphatikiza-mfundo: pamwamba ndi pansi pa phiri, ndi m'mphepete pansi pa bowo, kufika pa mizere ya weir ndi okulira ndi ena.

Kuwombera chowaloleza analenga ndi kuika malire kunja kwa mabwalo a gululi ndi theodolite kukhazikika ndime, amene ndiye Ufumuyo mfundo amalumikizana boma limodzi. Msinkhu kuphatikiza mfundo ndi mfundo za maselo anatsimikiza ndi njira kukhazikika zojambula. Ngati lalikulu mbali mamita makumi yaitali ndi zochepa kenako siteshoni amayesera kuti muyeso wa mfundo zonse. Tanthauzo Mtunda kuchokera chipangizo anamangirira sayenera upambana mamita 100-150. Ngati mbali ya lalikulu zana mamita yaitali, zimene zinachitikira mlingo aikidwa pa malo a mukachipinda. Malinga ndi munda kafukufuku m'dera ndi kusalaza mabwalo mpaka magaziniyo komanso mizere miyezo.

Magazine ndi ndondomeko ya kukhazikika pa mabwalo a

Magazini analowa deta pa kukula kwa cubicle, gululi chithunzithunzi anawoloka ndime (phunziro geodetic). Komanso mwachindunji kumanga m'dera zinthu - nyanja, mapiri ndi zina zotero. Komanso chidwi, kodi udindo anagwira kusalaza pa mtunda. Ndondomeko ya analowa zotsatira bokosibode aliyense mabwalo a. Pamwamba ndi mfundo zabwino mwa aliyense selo akusonyeza wakuda mbali kuwerenga Mzere (mu mamita), ndi kutalika masamu. mawerengedwe Izi imagwiridwa ndi chida yopingasa. Misanje ya dziko mfundo za maselo ndi mtima kusiyana chida ndi ozungulira pa kuwerenga siteshoni ndodo.

Pofuna kuchepetsa pamwamba pa ndondomeko chingwe cha mfundo ziwiri kusalaza maselo ntchito ndi okwerera awiri osiyana. Ndandanda zipangizo akamagwira kuchotsa deta pamwamba imayamba ndi kukonza piritsi ya ndondomeko ya mfundo yunifolomu boma zinthu geodesic maukonde kuwombera kulungamitsidwa (theodolite kukhazikika-zikwapu), kuonjezapo mfundo ndi mfundo za mabwalo zinthu.

njira ntchito

Pamene kusalaza gawo la ntchito njira theodolite ndi kusalaza maphunziro, unagwa mu widths, chimachititsanso kukonza zachilengedwe khalidwe mizere ya m'deralo, monga weirs kapena watersheds. Pamene mapepala ngati ndi widths pickets ayenera wosweka uliwonse mamita makumi pamene kulasa 1: 2000 ndi mamita makumi awiri pamene kujambula pamlingo 1: 1000 ndipo 1: 500. The Kukweza mawu mfundo stingrays kuphatikiza-mfundo zinthu. Mu ndondomeko ya kuswedwa pickets ikhale kukonza vutolo ndipo lembani ndondomeko. kusalaza timva opangidwa mu magazini. Iwo anaona manambala siriyo wa pickets, zitsanzo za njanji ofiira ndi wakuda mbali, kuphatikiza mtunda wa zinthu ku siteshoni apamtima. Malinga ndi zotsatira analemba kusalaza dongosolo mtunda wa m'deralo, ndi yopingasa ndi mbiri kotenga alili.

Muyeso wa padziko lapansi advantageously ikuchitika m'madera anafuna kudzachita ntchito pa bwino ndi mapulani ofukula za gawolo. Mwachitsanzo, mtunda kapangidwe Dera lililonse kutchulidwa nyumba kapena malo maluwa nthambi.

Kodi mlingo?

Kuchita miyezo zojambula alili, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomangamanga, ntchito Akukwera ziwembu zosiyanasiyana. zida izi, mogwirizana ndi mfundo awo a ntchito, akhoza kugawidwa: pakompyuta, laser, hydrostatic ndi optomechanical. Akukwera onse Telescope okonzeka ndi onsewo ndege yopingasa. Kamangidwe ano chipangizo choyezera amapereka malipiro zodziwikiratu kwa opereka pa opaleshoni udindo wa olamulira zithunzi.

History kukhazikika

Mfundo yoyamba imene anafika munthu masiku ano akugwira kukhazikika, mu BC atumwi, ndicho kumanga ngalande ulimi mu Greece ndi Rome. The mbiri yakale amatchula mita madzi. Kutulukira ake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayina kugwirizana ndi wakale Greek wasayansi chimeza wa Alexandria ndi Roma wamanga Marcus Vitruvius. The kutsogolera kwa kukula kwa zipangizo ndi njira kukhazikika anali cholengedwa zinthu zakutali, ndi barometer, ndi mlingo gululi mbale gradirovaniya makinawa. Izi Kutulukira ikukhudzana kwa 16-17 zaka TH, iwo anatilola kukhala dongosolo la pansi padziko mwatsatanetsatane kuwombera.

Mu Russia mu nthawi ya Peter shopu kuwala linakhazikitsidwa, komwe mwa zina opangidwa ndi milingo, pokhapokha ngati iwo amatchedwa mlingo mzimu ndi chubu. Development wa kukhazikika mu msokhano uno tikugwira IE Belyaev. Mu nthawi yomweyo, panali woyamba chingwe zipangizo, zomwe ndi zochokera barometers ntchito. Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi pali woyamba milingo trigonometric, ndi thandizo zawo zinapangidwa kwambiri zikuluzikulu ntchito kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa mulingo wa Azov ndi Black Pacific, kuyeza kutalika kwa phiri Elbrus. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida geometrical analembedwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Choncho, mu 1847, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga Suez Canal. Mu dziko lathu, ndi kukhazikika zojambula padziko ntchito pomanga zodutsa madzi ndi dziko. Chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi maukonde national anthu amaona kuti kukhala 1871. Ndiye ntchito inayambika Kukhazikitsa ndi unsembe wa zinthu zomwe anali ngati maziko a kafukufuku topographic.

Ntchito kukhazikika

Chifukwa ndi chilengedwe umodzi kukhazikika geodetic maukonde, ndilo maziko miyezo topographic, kapena malo osiyanasiyana miyezo geodetic. Kuwombera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zolinga kafukufuku ndi sayansi: kuphunzira kwa gulu lonse crustal kuti achepetsa m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja oscillations.

Kukhazikika amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mavuto osiyanasiyana ntchito kuti imakhudzana ndi kumanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, atagona la mauthenga, zofunikira ndi zina zotero .. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera muyeso ndi koyenera kuti kulanda zochita kulengedwa kumwamba, kuwonjezera, khamu ndi unsembe wa nyumba nyumba . Pamene kuthetsa mavutowa, nthawi zonse ntchito deta analandira woyeza. Komanso, kwa kuthetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana yeniyeni, ntchito yodzichitira dongosolo deta kupeza. ntchito zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, kukonza ndiponso kumanga panjira ya. Masensa m'gulu chida basi kukhazikika, wokwera pa ngolo sitima, magalimoto, chifukwa mu yomalizidwa mbiri ya m'dera anaphunzira ku nthawi yayifupi zotheka.

zamakono

Pakali pano, chifukwa chitukuko mofulumira kwambiri za sayansi kwa kukhazikika padziko ntchito zosiyanasiyana luso amadziona bwanji.

1. Laser. Maziko a magawo ntchito awerengedwa m'dera ndi chipangizo laser chindodo.
2. Ultrasound. The n'chofunika kwambiri pa chipangizo izi emitting yoweyula akupanga kachipangizo.
3. GNSS-luso, amene chikugwirizana kulandira ndondomeko panopa ntchito kulankhulana Kanema. zida limapereka kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane kukhazikika.

Pofuna akuchitira imayenera ndalama zambiri mitsinje mudziwe analandira kutsatira zatchulidwazi amadziona bwanji, pamaso pa pulogalamu yoyenera yeniyeni chofunika, umene udzakwaniritsa ntchito zokhudzana yosungirako, kasamalidwe, zowonera ndi deta processing.

machitidwe amakono kusalaza kwa kumanga msewu

Pomanga yamakono ya msewu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito machitidwe yodzichitira. Iwo amakulolani kuugwira makina kumanga msewu, anapatsidwa malo ake panopa. Pa nthawi yomweyo njira galimoto-kukhazikika amakhala ndi mwatsatanetsatane mkulu ntchito, kwambiri timapitiriza khalidwe la pamwamba opangidwa msewu ndipo kumachepetsa yomanga nthawi. makina onga anaika pavers, planers, magalimoto okonzera, ndi kulola kukonza kuwononga zopindika akale ❖ kuyanika pamene khazikitsa wosanjikiza atsopano. Izi ulamuliro Akukwera yopingasa otsetsereka a msewu, izo imagwiridwa ndi ndendende mwachindunji magawo kapangidwe. Modern pamwamba dongosolo Muyezo zida njira yomanga lagawidwa mitundu yambiri malinga ndi luso ntchito.

1. zipangizo akupanga ndi manambala osiyanasiyana masensa.
2. Laser kuchotsa dongosolo.
3. chipangizo zachokera Kanema GPS-sayansi.
4. Dongosolo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena kuti ntchito mfundo ya chida cha.

Ngati ndi kotheka, ngakhale chofunika ndi zovuta za mbali ya ntchito, angagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi kapena zida zina ndi kudzikonda kukhazikika.