Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chiyambi

Pa nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwa filosofi, milandu, ndale, chiwerengero chachikulu cha ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro okhudza lamulo ndi boma zinakhazikitsidwa. Kusiyanasiyana, mbali imodzi, ndi chifukwa chakuti lingaliro lililonse limasonyeza lingaliro lovomerezeka la asayansi kapena ziweruzo zosiyana ndi malingaliro a makalasi ena kapena ena. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusiyana kotereku kumachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zotere monga boma ndi malamulo. Kuwonjezera apo, palinso malingaliro osiyana pa izi kapena mbali zina za ndondomeko ya mapangidwe awa kapena machitidwe ena andale. Pamtima mwa malingaliro ameneŵa ndi ziweruzo nthawi zonse zimakhala zosiyana, zachuma ndi zofuna zina.

Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana a chiyambi cha boma. Zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Achipembedzo (amulungu, achipembedzo).
2. Abambo (abambo).
3. Zachilengedwe -lamulo (zolemba).
4. Organic.
5. Kuthira.
6. Psychological.
7. Kalasi (zachuma).
8. Chiphunzitso cha chiwawa cha mkati ndi kunja.

Choyamba chinkalamuliridwa ndi Middle Ages. Masiku ano, ndizofala ku Ulaya komanso m'madera ena, komanso m'mayiko ena achi Islam (Mwachitsanzo, Saudi Arabia). Lingaliro laumulungu liri ndi khalidwe lachikhalidwe. Chokhazikika chake chimakhala kuti dongosolo la ndale ndilochokera kwa Mulungu, ndipo mphamvu imaperekedwa ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu.

Aristotle analimbikitsidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha patriarchal. Mwa lingaliro lake, anthu onse, pokhala anthu onse, amakonda kulankhula ndi kupanga mabanja, zomwe zimayambitsa kutuluka kwa boma. Mfundo imeneyi inakambidwa ndi Confucius. Patapita nthawi, otsatira ake anakhala Mikhailovsky ndi Filmer. Kawirikawiri, malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi cha chiyambi cha boma, ndondomeko yotchuka ya ndale ndi banja limodzi lalikulu lomwe liri ndi mabanja ena wamba.

Malingaliro achilengedwe a chikhalidwe cha boma apangidwe anawonekera mu zolembedwa za oganiza oyambirira a bourgeois. Iyo inayamba kufalikira mu zaka 17-18. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ichi cha chiyambi cha boma, nzika iliyonse idapatsidwa kukhalapo kwachirengedwe, ufulu wosalandidwa womwe unalandira kuchokera ku Chilengedwe kapena kuchokera kwa Mulungu. Koma lingaliro limeneli linkatengedwa kuti ndi lopanda nzeru.

Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha dziko chinayambira m'zaka za zana la 19, mu theka lachiwiri. Otsatira ake anali Spencer, Preuss, Worms ndi ena. Chofunika cha lingaliroli ndi chakuti chitukuko cha boma chikufanana ndi chitukuko cha zamoyo.

Malingaliro amalingaliro anakhazikitsidwa ndi Petrazhitsky (katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu ku Poland ndi Russia). Malingaliro ake, kutuluka kwa boma kunayambira pansi pa mphamvu yapadera ya psyche yaumunthu. Izi zimaphatikizapo, makamaka, chikhumbo chotetezedwa, chilakolako cholamulira, kugonjera ena ku zofuna za munthu, komanso chikhumbo cha anthu ena kuti asamvere malamulo ndikutsutsa.

Chiphunzitso cha chiwawa chinayambika ndi olemba osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa ndi Shan Yang (wolemba ndale wa China). Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ichi cha chiyambi cha boma, gawo lalikulu ndilo kulanda, ukapolo wa anthu ena. Ndondomeko yandale, malinga ndi otsatila a lingaliroli, imapangidwa kudzera mu chiwawa, ponseponse ndi mkati (kuchokera pakati pa gulu palokha).

Malingaliro a zachuma (kalasi, Marxist) a chiyambi cha boma akugwirizana ndi mayina a Engels ndi Marx. Komabe, woyambitsa mfundo imeneyi ndi Morgan. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ichi, boma linakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kukula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kwenikweni, kulimbikitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha zachuma, popeza sichikhoza kuthetsa zinthu zakuthupi zokha, komanso kuti zidziwe kusintha kwa anthu.