Nkhondo Africa: mndandanda wa vutoli, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Kwambiri wosakhazikika dera padziko lathuli mawu a nkhondo ndiponso nkhondo zambiri zida zoona, Africa. Only pano panali zoposa 50 ngati zochitika, chimene chinapha anthu oposa 5 miliyoni m'zaka zinayi zapitazi, othawa kwawo 18 miliyoni ndipo miliyoni 24 zinawonongeka. Mwina kwina nkhondo dziko ndi mikangano wosatha sikumachititsa kuti imfa chotero zikuluzikulu ndi chiwonongeko.

mwachidule

Ancient World History limatiuza kuti nkhondo yaikulu Africa kale anali wachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Iwo anayamba ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko Iguputo. Farao Patapita nthawi zonse anamenyera patsogolo mkhalidwe wawo ndi Palestinians, ndi Syria. Umatchedwa atatu Punic nkhondo, umene unatha okwana oposa zaka zana.

Mu Middle Ages nkhondo achititsa kwambiri kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa lamulo la ndewu ndi amanoledwa ku ungwiro luso la nkhondo. Africa kokha m'zaka XIII, wakhala Nkhondo za Mtanda atatu. A mndandanda wa atasemphana ankhondo, zomwe chinaperekedwa ku Africa mu XIX ndi XX zaka zambiri, ndi zodabwitsa chabe! Komabe, ochuluka kwambiri kwa iye anakhala Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri World nkhondo. Only pamene mmodzi wa amene adapha oposa 100 zikwi. Man.

Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Dziko mu Africa

zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti ntchito ya usilikali m'chigawo anali kuyenera ndithu. Monga inu mukudziwa, First World nkhondo ku Ulaya anabweretsa Germany. Entente mayiko amene amatsutsa alimbane ake, anaganiza za thupi m'manja mwake mu Africa, omwe boma German amamuonera posachedwapa. mayiko amenewa anali akadali bwino kumuteteza ndiponso kupatsidwa kuti zombo British panthawi imeneyo anali chogwidwa ndi nyanja, ndi zonse anadukana dziko mayi awo. Zinangokhala zikutanthauza chinthu chimodzi - Germany sanathe kutumiza reinforcements ndi zipolopolo. Komanso, madera German anali kwathunthu atazungulira m'madera yoperekedwa kwa adani awo - maiko Entente.

Kale mu chilimwe cha 1914 ku France ndi Britain asilikali anakwanitsa analanda mdani woyamba yaing'ono njuchi - Togo. Komanso ankhondowo mphamvu anagwirizana mu South Africa West anali ochepa inaimitsidwa. Chifukwa cha ichi anali kupanduka wa Boers, amene anali kuletsedwa yekha ndi February 1915. Pambuyo kuti asilikali South African akubwera mofulumira, ndipo mu July amakakamizidwa asilikali German anakhazikika Africa South-West, kuti mudzipereke. Chaka chotsatira, anayenera kusiya Germany ndi Cameroon, amene amaikira kumbuyo anathawira ku njuchi loyandikana - Spanish Guinea. Komabe, ngakhale pasadakhale uyu wopambana wa asilikali anagwirizana, Germany akadali anatha ndi kukana kwambiri Africa East, kumene ndewu yonse ya nkhondo.

kumenyana Komanso

The First World nkhondo mu Africa amakhudzidwa madera ambiri a m'mayikowo, monga asilikali a ku Germany anayenera abwerere ku gawo a British Korona. The German asilikali m'chigawo analamula msilikali P. Von Lettow-Vorbeck. Zinali iye amene n'kutsogolera kumayambiriro kwa November 1914, pamene panali nkhondo yaikulu mu mzinda wa Tanga (Indian Ocean). Panthawi imeneyi, dziko la Germany anali pafupi 7 zikwi. Man. Ndi thandizo la cruisers ziwiri, British anakwanitsa kutera pa gombe la dazeni Amakweza wa asilikali, koma ngakhale, msilikali Paulo Von Lettow-Vorbeck anatha kupambana Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga kugonjetsa British, kukakamiza kuti achoke banki.

Pambuyo nkhondo Africa chasanduka ndi zigawenga kulimbana. The Germany anaukira forts British ndi kuonongedwa sitima ku Kenya ndi Rhodesia. Asilikali ake Paulo Von Lettow-Vorbeck kudzadza ndi kupeza anthu odzipereka ochokera mwa anthu amene anali kuphunzitsidwa bwino. Zonse anakwanitsa kufika pa 12 chikwi. Man.

Mu 1916, ogwirizana asilikali limodzi, British, Chipwitikizi ndi Belgium mphamvu atsamunda unkatchedwa tiponye kum'mawa kwa Africa. Koma iwo anayesa, sanathe kugonjetsa asilikali German. Ngakhale kuti anagwirizana mphamvu kwambiri laling'onolo magulu German, Paulo Von Lettow-Vorbeck anathandiza kugwira zinthu ziwiri: chidziwitso cha nyengo ndi mtunda. Nthawiyi adani ake anafera zomvetsa katundu, osati pa nkhondo, komanso chifukwa cha matenda. Ya masika 1917, anathamangitsa ndi ogwirizana ndi msilikali P. Von Lettow-Vorbeck anaonekera ndi asilikali ake pa dera la njuchi la Mozambique, anali pa nthawi ya Portugal.

Mapeto a Nkhondo

Yatsala pang'ono kutha Yoyamba ya Dziko lonse. Africa ndi Asia, komanso Europe, anavutika ovulala lolemera. Mwa August 1918 kumbali zonse ndi asilikali a ku Germany, kupewa mphamvu yaikulu ya mdani, anakakamizika kubwerera kwawo. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, zotsala za asilikali atsamunda Paulo Von Lettow-Vorbeck, wopangidwa mwa osapitirira 1.5 zikwi. Anthu anali ku Northern Rhodesia, amene anali pa nthawi imeneyo Britain. Apa msilikali waphunzira za kugonjetsedwa kwa Germany ndi anakakamizika anagona pansi zida zawo. Pakuti kulimbamtima nkhondo ndi mdani, iye moni monga ngwazi kwawo.

Choncho anathetsa First World nkhondo. Africa, munachita, amanenera, osachepera 100 zikwi. Lives. Tikumenyana pa Africa ndipo si zoopsa, koma anapitiriza yonse ya nkhondo.

World

Monga amadziwika, zikuluzikulu ntchito ya asilikaliwo kufalitsidwa ndi Nazi Germany mu 30-40-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo anakhudzidwa osati m'dera la Europe. Wina ziwiri m'dzikoli wakhala sanawononge Wachiwiri World nkhondo. Africa, Asia anali nawo, ngakhale pang'ono, mu mkangano waukulu.

Mosiyana Britain, Germany kale anali madera awo, koma nthawi zonse ankanena kuti. Pofuna kusokoneza chuma cha mdani wake waukulu - Britain Germany anaganiza kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa Africa North, monga njira yokha yomwe inu mungakhoze kufika kwa madera ena British - India, Australia ndi ku New Zealand. Komanso, chifukwa mwina chifukwa Hitler kugonjetsa m'mayiko North Africa anali zina kuwukira wake wa Iran ndi Iraq, kumene kunali kwambiri miyala ya mafuta, olamulidwa ndi Britain.

Mliri wa Nkhondo

Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mu Africa kwa zaka zitatu - kuchokera June 1940 kuti May 1943. Kutsutsana asilikali pankhondo imeneyi anali pa dzanja limodzi, Britain ndi United States, ndi pa zina - Germany ndi Italy. Ankhondo zazikulu zinachitika m'dera la Egypt ndi Maghreb. nkhondo inayamba ndi mliri wa asilikali Italiya ku Ethiopia, amene kwambiri kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa Britain m'dera lino.

Poyamba, ndawala North Africa panafika anthu 250 sauzande. Asilikali Italy limeneli linayamba kuthandiza wina 130 zikwi asilikali German., Ali ambiri akasinja ndi zidutswa zida zankhondo. Ndiyeno anagwirizana asilikali a USA ndi UK totaled 300 zikwi. US ndi oposa 200 zikwi. Asilikali British.

zochitika zina

Nkhondo Africa North anayamba ndi chakuti mu June 1940 ku Britain zinayamba kudziwa kunyanyala kumenyana ndi asilikali Italy, chifukwa cha zimene iye nthawi yomweyo anataya zikwi zingapo asilikali ake, pamene British - osati oposa mazana awiri. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa ichi, boma la Italy wasankha kupereka lamulo la asilikali m'manja mwa polimbana Graziani ndi kulakwitsa ndi kusankha. Mwamsanga September 13 chaka chomwecho anayamba nagonjetsa, kukakamiza British General O'Connor mthunzi chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu ya mdani wake anthu oti. Pambuyo Italy anakwanitsa kugwila yaing'ono Aigupto m'tauni ya Sidi Barrani, amanyansidwa anali inaimitsidwa kwa miyezi itatu yaitali.

Mosayembekezeka Graziani kumapeto kwa 1940, asilikali General O'Connor ndi unkatchedwa zolawula. ntchito laku Libya anayamba ndi kuukira wina wa midzi ya asilikali Italy. Graziani anali bwino asanakonzekere zoterezi chowagwera, kotero sanathenso bungwe atangokanidwa koyenera Goliyati. Kupita patsogolo mofulumira asilikali British Italy muyaya anataya madera ake mu Africa North.

zinthu zasintha yozizira 1941 pamene kuthandiza inanyamuka, lamulo Hitler anatumiza mayunitsi oti muli nazo zida za General Rommel. Kale mu March, nkhondo itayamba mu Africa mwakhama. Olowa German asilikali ndi Italy anachititsa manyazi kwambiri kwa chitetezo British, adzawonongeratu imodzi brigades mdani oti muli nazo zida.

Kutha kwa Dziko

Mu November chaka chomwecho British anayesa yachiwiri counterattack inayamba opareshoni codenamed "Crusader". Anapezanso kuti munganyansidwe Tripoletaniyu, koma December iwo anaimitsidwa asilikali Rommel a. Mu May 1942, mkulu German anakantha nkhonya mwachamuna chitetezo mdani, ndi British anakakamizika abwerere kwambiri ku Iguputo. Wopambana amanyansidwa chinakhalapo mpaka mpaka 8 anagwirizana asilikali mulibe mawu a Al Alamein. Panthawi imeneyi, ngakhale akuyesetsa, dziko la Germany chiyani sakwanitsa anagumula chitetezo cha British. Pa nthawiyi, mkulu wa 8 Army yoikidwiratu General Montgomery, amene anayamba dongosolo lina la adani, pamene bwinobwino kupitiriza kusonyeza kuukira kwa asilikali Nazi.

Mu October chaka chomwecho, asilikali British atachititsidwa inatembenuka magawo Rommel asilikali pamalo Al-Alamein. Zimenezi zinachititsa kugonjetsedwa wathunthu wa makamu awiri - mu Germany ndi Italy, amene anakakamizika abwerere ku malire Tunisian. Komanso, British anathandiza a ku America anafika pa gombe African pa November 8. Rommel anayenda anali Pofuna kuletsa adani, koma analephera. Pambuyo pake, ambiri German wotchedwa kwawo.

Rommel anali odziwa asilikali, ndipo imfa atanthauze chinthu chimodzi chokha - nkhondo mu Africa inatha kwa Italy ndi Germany mu okwana kugonja. Pambuyo kuti Britain ndi United States kuti kwambiri analimbitsa maudindo awo m'derali. Komanso, asilikali anamasulidwa iwo anaponya adani wotsatira wa Italy.

The theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi

Ndi mapeto a World nkhondo II atasemphana mu Africa ali likupitirirabe. Mmodzi ndi mmodzi, zipolowe, zomwe m'mayiko ena mwakula ku Nkhondo m'ziwawa. Choncho, pamene kunabuka nkhondo yapachiweniweni mu Africa akhoza mzaka kapena zambiri. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi nkhondo kwapakati pa-onyamula zida Ethiopia (1974-1991), Angola (1975-2002), Mozambique (1976-1992), Algeria ndi Sierra Leone (1991-2002), Burundi (1993-2005), Somalia (1988 ). Mu otsiriza m'mayiko amenewa, nkhondo ya pachiweniweni yakhala likupitirirabe panobe. Ndipo ichi ndi mbali yaing'ono ya onse amene analipo mpaka lino tsiku nkhondo pa Africa.

Zimayambitsa mikangano ambiri ankhondo mizu mu nkhani wamba, komanso zinthu zakale. Kuyambira mu 60 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, mayiko ambiri African ufulu wodzilamulira, ndi chachitatu cha iwo yomweyo anayamba kumenyana, ndipo mu 90 kumenyana anali kale mu maiko 16.

nkhondo zamakono

M'zaka za zana zinthu mu Africa sinasinthe kwambiri m'kupita. Pali kupitirirabe zikuluzikulu geopolitical ziŵalo umene palibe funso kuwonjezeka mu mlingo wa chitetezo ku Caucasus. The mavuto azachuma ndipo kuchepa wokonda ndalama zokha kukulitsa nkhaniyo.

Muli kuzembetsa, mikono oletsedwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zina kukulitsa ndi m'malo zovuta zinthu chigawenga m'chigawochi. Komanso, zonse izi zikuchitika ndi maziko a kukula kwambiri anthu, ndipo palibe ankalamulira kusamuka.

Kuyesa localize mikangano

Tsopano zikuoneka kuti nkhondo Africa wosatha. Monga taonera, okhazikitsa mtendere padziko lonse, yesetsani kupewa zambiri nkhondo pa Africa, iwo anali osamveka. Mwachitsanzo n'zotheka kutenga osachepera mfundo zotsatirazi: asilikali UN achita nawo pa mikangano ya 57, ndipo nthawi zambiri zochita zawo kuti si bwanji maphunziro awo.

Monga mwawamba, izo akudzudzula akuchedwa malamulo a mishoni okhazikitsa mtendere ndi kupanda kuzindikira zinthu zenizeni likusintha mofulumira. Komanso, asilikali UN ndi ochepa kwambiri moti zichokera kwa dziko anakumbatira nkhondo kale amayamba boma ntchito.