Kodi osiyana za nyengo Catherine 2? chithunzi mbiri

Frosty yozizira m'mawa 12 February 1744 sitinadzere mwa chipata malire a Riga, pa dera la Russian Ufumu asamukira ophimba ndi akazi awiri. Mmodzi wa iwo anali mkazi wa mfumu German Prince wa Anhalt-Zerbst - Johanna Elizabeth. Kenako iye anakhala zaka mwana wake khumi chaka, Sophia Augusta Frederika Angalt-Zerbst - tsogolo Russian Mfumukazi ndi autocrat Catherine 2, mumapezera zochita zawo Great mutu. Dzina la mkazi uyu chikugwirizana mmodzi wa masamba yowala mbiri ya dziko.

Russia anapatsidwa cholowa

Nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Catherine 2 anayamba ndi zokhumba yachifumu 28 June 1762, zomwe zinachititsa dzulo odzichepetsa ndi anzeru German wolemekezeka, amene anapatsidwa dzina lakuti cha Orthodox, Catherine, anatenga malo a mkazi wake kwambiri osatchuka wa Mfumu Peter III.

Zikuonekera mu Maulendo Ake Ekaterina 2, Russia, tinatengera kwa Mfumukazi zake zakale Elizabeth, ankafuna kusintha kwakukulu pa njira yonse ya moyo. asilikali salipidwa malipiro, chifukwa chuma anali wotopa kwambiri. Chosowa uziyenda bwino wa m'boma zinachititsa kuti kuchepa malonda makampani waukulu wakhala m'manja.

mavuto aakulu anali anamuona pa m'madipatimenti asilikali ndi panyanja. Kuchita anapanga lokha anamva, ndi chivundi akuluakulu boma, amene anatenga chirichonse kuchokera chachikulu chaka chilichonse. Bribery anagwira milandu, koma malamulo anali pokha pokha anthu kumene zopindulitsa anthu olemera ndi otchuka.

Chiwerengerochi chabwino cha nyengo Catherine Wamkulu

Monga States mmodzi waudindo wapamwamba, Catherine anali 2 wapatali kwambiri khalidwe - luso mumpanda maganizo oganiza bwino, ndipo kenako kukhazikitsa izo pa zofuna zawo. Anthu anali mbali ya gulu la nduna zake, Mfumukazi anatola zochokera makhalidwe awo akatswiri, popanda kuopa anthu luso ndi yowala. Chifukwa cha nthawi iyi ya ulamuliro wa Catherine 2 amalembedwa zikamera wa Way lonse la mayiko kwambiri, atsogoleri a asilikali, olemba, oimba ndi ojambula zithunzi. Ndi zinthu analengedwa mu nthawi ino, anathandiza mokwanira zikuchitikazo luso lawo.

Kosatha mbiri ya Russia kanjedza ngati nyengo Catherine 2 monga akazembe A. V. Suvorov ndi P. Rumyantsev, olemba ndi Di Fonvizin A. Radishchev, Karamzin mbiri ndi ndakatulo - kuloŵedwa m'malo a A. S. Pushkina - G. Derzhavin. Kenako tiyenera kutchula anthu amene anaima pa chiyambi cha chikhalidwe Russian nyimbo - ndi kupeka nyimbo, mphunzitsi ndi wochititsa wotchedwa Dmitry Bortniansky, yotamandika kwambiri woyimba zeze Ivan Khandoshkin, komanso tate wa Russian National Opera AV Pashkevich.

The ndondomeko kanthu

Mbiri ya nyengo Catherine 2 unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a ntchito, osiyanasiyana omwe Mfumukazi zafotokozedwa yekha motere:

1. Kodi kuyesetsa kuphunzitsa fuko, zomwe iye anagwa kusamalira.
2. Kulinganiza moyo wapoyera, m'pofunika kuuzira kulemekeza anthu malamulo alipo.
3. Bata mkati mu chikhalidwe n'kofunika kulenga apolisi amafuna zonse zofunikira.
4. M'pofunika amathandiza kuti wotukuka wa zachuma ndi kuchuluka kwa izo.
5. Kodi kwathunthu kusintha nkhondowo imapanga wa asilikali, ndipo motero kukweza ulamuliro wa Russia mu nkhope ya limati zina.

Chiyambi cha kukhazikitsa ndondomeko

The lothandiza lonse la Catherine 2 inali nthawi ya kukhazikitsa izi kukonzedweratu. Chaka lotsatira kuchokera pamene, Mfumukazi yakhazikitsa kusintha Senate kuti kwambiri kusintha Mwachangu zakayendesedwe ka anthu. Chifukwa cha kusintha anapangidwa kwa ntchito ya ulamuliro, ndi Senate, ogaŵikana 6 m'madipatimenti munthu, ndipo anataya ulamuliro wa ntchito boma zida, anakhala apamwamba mabungwe milandu ndi utsogoleri.

The kusiya kupembedza a m'mayiko mpingo

Amadziwika kuti Russia mu ulamuliro wa Catherine 2 anakhala zochitika za kampeni zikuluzikulu za kuchotsa (secularism) ndipo n'kukhala thumba la boma la maiko mpingo. Kufunika kwa zimenezi kukumana kuyankha m'malo osokoneza m'deralo, chifukwa cha chilakolako mwa onse kudzaza boma kuchepekedwa bajeti.

Chifukwa cha miyeso anatengedwa inathetsedwa 500 amonke, omwe analola kusamukira ku umwini boma la serfs 1 miliyoni. Chifukwa ichi, tinayamba kulandira ndalama zogwirika kuti thumba. Mu yochepa boma kubweza ngongole ndi asilikali ndi anakwanitsa tisaletse vuto chonse zachuma. Chotsatira imodzi mwa njira imeneyi analinso kufooka yofunika kwambiri zochita za mpingo mu moyo wa anthu yolembedwa.

Kuyesa kusintha malamulo

Catherine umodzi 2 amadziwikanso zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro pofuna kukweza kwa chipangizo apamwamba mlingo ndi moyo lamkati la Russia. Mfumukazi ankakhulupirira kuti ambiri mwa zopanda chilungamo mu dziko Angakugonjetseni njira malamulo, atakulitsa malamulo a kukakomana ndi zofuna za onse strata a anthu. Iye ankayenera kuti m'malo lotha zaka Council Code wa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich anavomera mu 1649.

Pakuti kuzindikira pakati pa 1767 izo analenga Commission Zokonza, wopangidwa mwa 572 ziwanga woimira anthu otchuka, amalonda ndi Cossacks. ntchito yake m'gulu ndi Mfumukazi. Popeza ankaphunzira ntchito za anzeru Western, zinali chikalata otchedwa "Malangizo a Catherine", wopangidwa mwa chaputala 20 ogaŵikana nkhani 526.

M'bukuli iye anatsindika kufunika kwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira Kapangidwe ka boma ndi chilengedwe cha zinthu izo, kupereka amphamvu autocratic mphamvu. Komanso, ambiri a nkhani wopita khalidwe onse malamulo ndi mwangwiro abwino. Mwatsoka, ntchito izi zilibe kubweretsa zotsatira kuyembekezera. Patatha zaka ziwiri, bungwe walephera kukhala zofunika malamulo, chifukwa choti anthu ake onse anali kusamala yekha uzkososlovnyh zofuna zawo ndiponso maudindo.

Kupititsa Chigawo cha kusintha boma

Ndi ponena kanthu ina yofunika imene watenga Catherine 2. Nthawi ya absolutism mu mayiko onse a dziko yodziwika ndi osasinthika ulamuliro centralized ofunika. Pakuti malamulo ake aluso mu Russian Mfumukazi izo anayenda mu 1775 watsopano utsogoleri Chigawo cha boma.

Kuyambira tsopano gawo lonse la dziko munali zigawo 50, 300-400 zikwi. Anthu wina, amene nawonso, ogaŵikana zigawo ndi anthu 20 30 chikwi. Man. Izi zachititsa kudziletsa pa moyo wa aliyense, ngakhale kumadera akutali kwambiri a dziko, komanso kuyankha molondola shawa msonkho kulipira, ndiko kuti, anthu amene imvera misonkho.

Extension maudindo a amazikonda anthu otchuka

Catherine Nyengo 2 anali yabwino kwambiri nthawi kuti otchuka Russian. Mu 1785 ndinaona amasulidwe chikalata mwakuchita Mfumukazi, ndipo anapatsidwa dzina lakuti "hayala kwa anthu otchuka." Kuchokera pa ichi ya maudindo inakhazikitsa mu mawonekedwe a malamulo, akuluakulu a kalasi chapamwamba anaima zikuchepa kwa ena alionse.

Iwo amayenda asandilembe misonkho utumiki lamulo la boma, monga chatsegulidwa kuyambira nthawi ya Peter 1. Wachifwamba ndi yapachiweniweni milandu pansi pa kulingalira ina bwalo mfulu, ndipo Iwo ankaletsedwanso ntchito chilango logwirika. Malinga ndi Mfumukazi, izo zimayenera zimathandiza atheretu mwa olemekezeka wokakamiza kuwerenga maganizo ndi maphunziro kudzidalira.

Mfumukazi - enlightener anthu

Russia m'nyengo ya Catherine 2 anapanga sitepe lofunika kwambiri patsogolo pa njira ya maphunziro dziko. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kusintha lotsatira boma zinachitikadi pa moyo wa dongosolo la sekondale. Mwa chimango ake mu Russia unayamba kugwira ntchito zingapo sukulu payekha, pakati pawo kunyumba maphunziro a otchuka ndi m'tawuni sukulu komanso mabungwe Noble Atsikana. Komanso, m'chigawo cha zaka zinayi chigawocho ndi mzinda masukulu ambiri sanali malo biennial. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chitukuko cha njira wophunzitsa khalidwe zosiyanasiyana kuyamba mapulani maphunziro wamba.

Nthawi ya Catherine maphunziro 2 losaiwalika monga chilengedwe cha dongosolo maphunziro akazi. Chiyambi cha izo anauika kutsegula kwa St. Petersburg mu 1764 Smolny Institute for Noble Atsikana ndi kulenga kwa iwo za maphunziro Society. Kuyambira tsopano, ndi noblewoman achinyamata sikuti anali kukhala zilankhulo zambiri zakunja, komanso kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana amalanga maphunziro.

Mu ulamuliro wa Catherine 2 Russian Academy of Sciences, mkuuka pamwamba kuposa kale lonse, iye wakhala ali ndi udindo waukulu ku Europe. zasayansi sayansi Observatory, ndi botanical munda ndi nduna ya curiosities, kugaŵa ndi malaibulale yaikulu zinalengedwa pa maziko ake. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha nyengo Catherine 2 wamanga m'munsi olimba pofuna kukwaniritsa maganizo sayansi Russia.

Good ntchito Mfumukazi

Catherine 2, moyenerera udachita mutu wa Great, pakhala kupita patsogolo mu madera onse a moyo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka anthu m'dzikoli, lomwe ndi pangano yaikulu patsogolo miyoyo ya nzika. Chifukwa, alipo mazana a m'midzi latsopano ndi m'midzi. The patsogolo kuposa chitukuko alandira makampani komanso ulimi, ndi chifukwa kuti Russia ankayamba Tumizani tirigu. Zonsezi anapereka kuwonjezeka kwambiri revenues, amene amaloledwa kuwonjezera chuma cha nthawi 4.

Dzina la Mfumukazi, ndi ogwirizana ndi zochitika ziwiri zofunika mu mbiri Russian monga maonekedwe a ndalama pepala ndi chiyambi cha katemera ndi nthomba, ndi Catherine, kusonyeza chitsanzo chabwino kwa ena, woyamba analola kuti okha katemera. Popeza kupewa matenda oopsa, kugulitsidwa ambirimbiri, wakhala imachitika nthawi zonse.

Kukula kwa dera la Russia

nyota wosatsutsika wakuti Catherine Wamkulu, ndi kuwonjezera malire dziko. M'zaka za ulamuliro nkhondo ake anamenyana kawiri ndi Ottoman (1768-1774 ndi 1787-1791 gg.). Chifukwa cha kupambana Russian akanapereka ukhale kwa Black Sea, ndipo monga mu kapangidwe kake za gawolo, lotchedwa Little Russia. Amenewa anaphatikizapo Crimea, Northern Black Sea Coast, ndi dera Kuban. Mu 1783, Russia anatenga pansi nzika ya Georgia.

Catherine umodzi 2 wakhala zimaimbidwa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugawa kwa Poland. Chifukwa cha nkhondoyi yogwira umene unachitika mu 1772, 1793 ndi 1795 mu Russian kukonzanso adalowa dziko asakhalenso ake mu masiku akale a ankhondowo Chipolishi Chilituyaniya. Zikuphatikizapo Western Belarus, Volhynia, Lithuania ndi Courland.

Kulimbikitsa serfdom

Pa nthawi yomweyo tisaiwale kuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Catherine 2 ukuwonongedwa ndipo chotero chodabwitsa zoipa ndi ukapolo kuposa Amaya. Ngakhale kuti, pokhala munthu maganizo ŵakusanga ndi maiko a ku Ulaya, Mfumukazi anamvetsa harmfulness wa serfdom, ndipo ngakhale ntchitoyi ndi zimafika, iye anakakamizika kugonjera mwambo anakhazikitsa kwa zaka zambiri.

Back mu masiku oyambirira a ulamuliro wake, Catherine inaika lamulo loti anthu alimi amphumphu chakecho mwa kumvera landlords lapansi. Pamene anatenga zambiri zikuluzikulu lonse mchitidwe kufalitsa dziko ndi moyo pa iwo wamba okondedwa yekha, komanso chilimbikitso kwa kusiyana yothandiza anthu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, izo omangika, ndi maonekedwe kwambiri yokumba osauka a. Imathamanga, makamaka, kuti amene analipira mwini nyumba (zomwe munkakhala anthu a kumpoto kwa Russia, kumene ulimi inefficient) mlanduwo kawiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo anakula vuto la alimi amene amalamulidwa kuti akwaniritse corvee pa zigawo inatera. Ngati patsogolo ntchito zawo zinali zochepa masiku atatu sabata, tsopano lamulo limeneli zalephereka, zinali kudalira khamu umasinthasintha.

Chisoni kuponderezana ofanana anali kuukira, kunabuka nthawi mu madera osiyana a dziko, yaikulu imene anali atapanduka Pugachev kuti kuphimba Urals ndi dera Volga mu nthawi ya 1773-1775.

epilogue

Atamaliza tridtsatichetyrohletny wake pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi zapita November 17, 1796. Komabe, izi sinathe mu Russian nthawi ya kusintha yachifumu. Ekaterina 2 anasiya wolowa - mwana wake Paulo, korona April 16, 1797 ndi kuphedwa ndi achiwembu mu zaka 4.