Kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1: History of Russia

Zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anakhala mtundu wa nyengo ya kukula Russian kuyenda pagulu. Pa nthawi imeneyo analamulira Nicholas I (1825-1855 zaka). Nthawi imeneyi, potsiriza concretized malo otchuka kwambiri magulu a zandale. Anapanga chiphunzitso monarchical, ndipo pali gulu owolowa manja. atsogoleri Circle katundu chosintha zambiri kwambiri.

kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1 tiwonana kwa mafashoni nzeru za maphunziro monga maziko a mfundo. Bwerani Hegelianism woyamba ndi Schellingism. Kumene, mfundo izi German anali ntchito, kutenga peculiarities nkhani ya boma Russian ndi maganizo. Boma osati katswiri sosholisimu n'komwe, amene anabwera kuchokera ku Europe, komanso kuti atalemba wake ammudzi. Ankam'fooketsa boma mumaganiza yatsopano imeneyi ndi polimbana kulamulira mabwalo ufulu wa chikwaniritso cha ganizo amoyo anali chothandizira, kumasuka mphamvu woopsawo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri.

kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1, ndi cikhalidwe

Monga zosiyanasiyana ganizo ndale, ufulu wa kuganiza mu Russia anali yodziwika ndi zinthu zina zimene zimapezeka nyengo ya nthawi iyi. kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas Ine, anayamba kupanga pansi pa ulamuliro authoritarian ndi yovuta kwambiri, zomwe kubisa kuyesa kunena maganizo awo. Zoyenda zinachitika zinakhudza Decembrists. Ganizo la boma loyamba wolemekezeka ndi zowawa zawo, nkhani yomvetsa chisoni, pa chimodzi dzanja Zingatikhumudwitse, koma ena - anauziridwa kupeza njira zatsopano kusintha mzimu aumunthu.

Iwo wayamba kuzindikira kuti m'pofunika kukopa misa waukulu anthu, kuphatikizapo alimi, chifukwa cholinga chachikulu cha mumaganiza onse anali Kuyanjana pakathi pa makalasi onse. kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1 unayambitsidwa makamaka olemekezeka, koma kenako anagwirizana naye ndi anthu wamba. Masiku amenewo, panali mapangidwe mafunde watsopano. Iwo Slavophiles, azungu ndi populists. wotchuka anali chiphunzitso cha mtundu boma. Zikhulupiriro zonsezi zikugwirizanira malamulo ndi mfundo za liberalism, conservatism, sosholisimu ndi dziko lapansi.

Popeza kuthekera kwa ufulu wa kulankhula panalibe, kayendedwe chikhalidwe m'nyengo ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1 wakhala mtundu waukulu mabwalo. Anthu mobisa ndi kukonza misonkhano ndi nthawi, ndi kuvina kwa anthu ofunika kuti mmodzi kapena achinsinsi wina kuti zikusintha. Chofunika kwambiri kuposa m'nyengo yapita, ndapeza ndi kupenta, luso komanso kutsutsa zolembalemba. Inali pa nthawi iyi pali kugwirizana bwino mphamvu ndi chikhalidwe.

amadza yaikulu pa lingaliro chikhalidwe anali German nzeru zapamwamba, Hegel, Fichte ndi Schelling. Iwo anakhala makolo a mumaganiza andale ambiri mu Russia.

Features ya cikhalidwe mu 30-50-ntchentche za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi

Ngati tikambirana nthawi kuperekedwa, tisaiwale kuti pambuyo pa zochitika za December 14, 1825 anali ndi mphamvu aluntha kwambiri wofooka. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Decembrists kayendedwe chikhalidwe mu Russia pansi Nicholas 1 pang'ono kusiya. mtundu onse wa anzeru Russian zinali kapena kuonongedwa kapena ku Siberia. woyamba mabwalo yunivesite, amene analumikizana achinyamata atakhala zaka khumi zokha unayamba kuonekera. Ndi pamene unakhala wotchuka kwambiri Schellingism.

Zoyambitsa kayendedwe chikhalidwe

Ngati aliyense kayendedwe chikhalidwe umenewu anali ndi zifukwa zake zabwino. Iwo anali kusafuna za akuluakulu a kuzindikira kuti zasinthadi ndi kale sangakhoze kuima, ndi kufufuza okhwima ndi yimitsira kukaniza aliyense, ngakhale anasonyeza mwamtendere.

Main malangizo kuyenda

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Decembrists ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa kupondereza zinachititsa kuti chabe tizigona zosakhalitsa. kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1, ngakhale kwambiri anayatsa patatha zaka zingapo. Malo chitukuko nzeru zaumunthu ganizo anayamba St. Petersburg ndi Moscow salons, akuluakulu ndi akapitawo a ndodo, komanso mabungwe maphunziro apamwamba, yunivesite ya Moscow mu malo oyamba. Kuyenera magazini kunadetsa otchuka monga "Moskvityanin" ndi "Herald of Europe". kayendedwe Public nthawi ya ulamuliro Nicholas 1 nthambi zitatu osiyana ndi kulekanitsidwa. Izi conservatism, liberalism ndi radicalism.

ndiwofatsa

kayendedwe Social nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1 kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha kayendedwe zandale ndiponso. Conservatism m'dziko lathu chifukwa cha chiphunzitso chakuti autocratic ndi akufunikira ulamuliro zovuta. Anatsindika kufunika serfdom. maganizo anatuluka mu zaka 16-17 n'kukafika pachimake m'zaka za m'ma 19. Special phokoso conservatism anapeza pamene West ndi absolutism anali nditangomaliza. Choncho, Karamzin analemba kuti mafumu akhale inviolable.

Ankakonda kwambiri pambuyo kuphedwa kwa Decembrists.
Pofuna kupereka maganizo conservatism udindo Ushakov Zithunzi (Mtumiki wa Education) anayamba chiphunzitso cha mtundu boma. Iwo anazindikira ulamuliro wa Zimatheka ndi lolondola boma ku Russia. Serfdom ankaona dalitso kwa anthu ndi kwa dziko lonse. Kuyambira mlanduwo lonse ndi mapeto zachilengedwe palibe kusintha ndi kusinthika si koyenera. Chiphunzitsochi ali inayambitsa kutsutsa lakuthwa mwa luntha. oppositionists odzipereka anayamba P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin ndi ena.

owolowa manja malangizo

Pakati pa 30-40-ntchentche za m'ma 19 ndinabadwa azimuth watsopano umene wakhala wosiyana conservatism. Liberalism anali salembedwa kugawidwa m'magulu awiri; Slavophiles ndi azungu. Ideologists wa woyamba malangizo ndi zitsulo I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin ndi ena. Pakati pa azungu kukutsogolerani angatchedwe ngati jurists wolemekezeka ndi nzeru ena monga B. Botkin, PV Annenkov, K. Cavelin.
Akukukhwimitsirani malamulo ogwirizana ndi cholinga chakuti Russia monga ano ndi kutukuka mu osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya. Oimira kayendedwe izi ankaona kofunika chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa wamba ziwembu kakang'ono ka dziko, kukhazikitsa ufumu malamulo a dziko lino ndi ufulu wolankhula. Kuopa chokana, ndi azungu, ndi Slavophiles ankaganiza kuti boma kudzakudikira kusintha.

NKHANI mafunde awiri liberalism

Kumene, mumaganiza iwonso anali kusiyana. Choncho, Slavophils anapereka kufunika kwambiri za chizindikiro cha anthu Russian. Anaganizira za mawonekedwe abwino a boma maziko chisanadze Petrine. Ndiye Zemsky Sobor kuuzidwa kuti chifuniro chakechake cha anthu, ndi pakati pa nzika ndi anthu wamba anali kukhazikika bwino ubale. Slavophiles kuti anthu Russian mwachibadwa mzimu wa collectivism, pomwe West, anthu azikhala akulamulira. Anamenyana mafano chosaneneka za zinthu European.

kayendedwe Social pansi Nicholas ine, inali kuperekedwa ndi azungu amene M'malo mwake, khulupirirani kuti tiyenera kuphunzira makhalidwe abwino a m'mayiko olemera. Iwo anadzudzula Slavophiles, ponena kuti Russia lags kumbuyo Europe m'njira zambiri ayenera mwachigwira ichi ndi leaps ndi malire. The yokhayo imene maphunziro ankaona maphunziro.

chosintha kayendedwe

Mabwalo ang'onoang'ono anaonekera mu Moscow, kumene mosiyana kumpoto likulu, espionage, kufufuza ndi chidzudzulo sanali komanso chozama. mamembala awo amapereka lingaliro la Decembrists kwambiri anakumana chiwawa pa iwo. Anagawira timabuku ndi ufulu kukoma zojambula. Choncho, pa tsiku la coronation a Nicholas oimira Cretan abale makapu momwazikanamwazikana Red Square timapepala ta akulimbikitsa anthu kuti ufulu. The olimbikitsa ufulu wa bungwe anamangidwa kwa zaka 10 m'ndende, ndipo pambuyo amakakamizidwa kupita ku nkhondo.

Petrashevzy

Mu 40s wa gulu chikhalidwe m'ma 19 zinali zodzaza ndi kuchira kwambiri. Anayambanso uka mabwalo ndale. Pambuyo mmodzi wa atsogoleri awo, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, ndipo dzina lake chifukwa. mabwalo m'gulu kanjedza ngati otchuka monga F. Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, ndi zina zotero. D. Petrashevsky Circle natsutsa absolutism, ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha demokalase.

bwalo anapeza mu 1849, tinali nawo kufufuza anthu oposa 120, amene 21 anaweruzidwira ku imfa.