Tiberiy Grakh - wandale Roma

Tiberiy Grakh ndi chimodzi mwa umunthu wotchuka m'mbiri ya Roma. Iye anatchuka kwambiri monga wopanga malamulo, wokonzanso, wandale ndi chithunzi anthu. A mbali yofunika kwambiri kufala kwa mbiri ya mtsogoleri unachita imene anapha Tiberiy Grakh. Wambiri ya chithunzi yakale imeneyi ukhala mutu wa phunziro lathu.

magwero

Tiberiy Grakh a Sempronius akale. mtundu uwu, ngakhale plebeian, koma a chuma cha olemekezeka - ulamuliro osankhika a Republic Roma.

History plebeian mtundu Sempronius akuyamba kuwerengetsa ake kwa III. BC. e. Nthambi yoyamba ya oimira otchuka wa Gracchi anali agogo awo a bambo wa nkhani yathu ya ngwazi, amenenso anali Dzina lake. Iye anali munthu wolemekezeka 238 BC. e. kukhala kazembe wa Republic. mwana wake wamkulu, Tiberiyo anali kazembe kawiri kale - mu zaka 215 ndi 213. BC. e., koma anaphedwa pa Wachiwiri Punic nkhondo. mwana wake wachiwiri - Popliyo - agogo ake anali wokonzanso.

Mwana wa Popliyo, amene anavala miyambo dzina banja Tiberiyo, komanso anali kupereka mutu wa kazembe mu zaka 177 ndi 163. BC. e. Izi zisanachitike, mu 187 BC. e., iye anali Tribune ya anthu.

Popliyo anakwatira Cornelia - woimira m'banja lapamwamba patrician mwana wa wotchuka wopambana Hannibal - Publiya Korneliya Scipio Africanus Wamkulu. Mu banja ana 12 anabadwa. Komabe, mpaka kukula ife anatha kupulumuka atatu okha: Tiberius Gracchus, tikambirana pansipa, mng'ono wake Guy ndi mlongo wake Sempronia.

Kubadwa ndi achinyamata

Pali Mabaibulo angapo kuti pamene Roma anabadwa Tiberiy Grakh. The ambiri ankaona kuti 166, 163 kapena 162 zaka. BC. e.

Tiberius bambo ake anamwalira - anamwalira mu 154 BC. e. Mayi anakana kukwatiwanso. Ngakhale, malinga ndi nthano, izo courted ngakhale woimira Tolemi - banja la chifumu la Egypt. Anaganiza kuti adzipereke yekha kwa kulera ana.

Pa zaka pafupifupi khumi zaka Tiberius anatenga koleji ansembe augurs, amene ankaona wolemekezeka kwambiri.

Tiberiy Grakh anatchuka kwambiri ali mwana. Iye anakhala nawo adani a Carthage mu Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo, anachita molamulidwa ndi msuweni wake kumbali akuchikazi a Scipio ndi Emilian African. Ndipo Tiberiyo 146 BC. e. woyamba wa Aroma anakwanitsa kukwera ku linga la mzinda uwu.

utumiki anapitiriza asilikali

Ndiye Tiberius anapitiriza kutumikira lake lankhondo Spain. Iye anali quaestor Gayo Hostilius Manzini. Koma mkulu detachment unazunguliridwa ndi dera la Iberia. Kudzera zokambirana, amene adatenga mbali Tiberiyo, izo zikanakhala zotheka osati kuti mupewe asilikali ake kwa chilengedwe, komanso kuganiza ndi Iberians yabwino pangano mtendere.

Komabe, atabwerera ku Rome, Tiberiyo seneti anakana kulemba bukuli, chifukwa anapangidwa popanda chilolezo chake.

Mavuto a za ndale ku Rome

Ngakhale mu zoyambirira za III plebeians atumwi, amene anali dzina banja ndi Gracchi tinatha kukwaniritsa Kuzindikila ufulu ndale. Olemera pamodzi ndi patricians anapanga gulu boma latsopano la boma la Roma - anthu otchuka.

Malo unakhazikitsidwa kuteteza ufulu wa plebeian Tribune ya anthu. Mphamvu za owayang'anira inaphatikizapo osati mwayi lachiweruzo khamu dziko ndi kuika patsogolo njira malamulo, komanso ufulu veto zosankha za Senate. Osankhidwa pamalo wenewu oimira kubadwa plebeian.

The zokolola za kubwalo la ndale

Nthawiyi, Tiberius anasiya usilikali ndipo anaganiza kudzipereka kwa ntchito za ndale komanso. Kale ndi enaake cha kutchuka pakati pa anthu, iye anatenga chiopsezo mu 134 BC. e. wakonzekera chisankho cha owayang'anira anthu amene bwinobwino anapambana.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu chifungulo cha pulogalamu chisankho cha Tiberiyo Gracchus, imene anali kulimbikitsa anthu, chinali kusintha dziko.

Zimayambitsa kusintha dziko

Pamaso Tiberiy Grakh anabwera m'bwalolo ndale, zinthu m'malo yomangika zinkachitika mu Republic Roma. Zinali chifukwa chakuti mbali yaikulu ya kutolera m'mayiko limodzi Ndipotu anaikira mu manja a anthu angapo olemera amene mukufuna lokha anatenga izo anausiya ndi boma. Mtokoma wa Aroma pa ndondomeko anakhala opanda minda, kuti sakukhulupiriranso kupeza ndalama palokha. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti impoverishment nzika, amene nawonso, awalola kunkhondo, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyo amuna choikidwacho Choyenereza katundu. Choncho, ndondomeko ya dziko dispossession kungotchula kusokoneza chitetezo cha Republic Roma. Izi, poyamba anali wa zazikulu chifukwa alimi bwinja nkhawa Tiberius Gracchus.

Mu latifundia lalikulu, kuyenera ntchito zofunika kwambiri akapolo. A kale wamba opanda minda anakakamizika kupita kumzinda, kuwonjezera pali wosanjikiza underclass, koma sindinataye awo lumpen ufulu ndale. Ndi iwo amene ambiri akuyembekezeka kumtunda kusintha.

Akamanena za kusintha dziko

lamulo agrarian wa Tiberius Gracchus envisaged kuchepetsa ndende pazipita danga anausiya m'manja mwa mwini chimodzi - zosaposa 500 uger womwe ndi mahekitala 125. nzika Large, amene anali kutaya mbali zofunika kwambiri amayenera kubwerera zotsala mu ankalamulira. Ndiye mayiko amenewa anagawanika pakati nzika opanda minda ya Republic Roma - 30 uger aliyense.

Tiberius Gracchus lamulo limapereka mpumulo kwa anthu achuma. Motero, aliyense mwana anabadwa iwo akanakhoza kusunga zambiri optional 250 uger dziko. Komabe, malo okwana katundu wa banja sayenera zoposa 1000 uger.

Tiberiy Grakh akufuna kupanga ntchito ulimi wa anthu atatu amene adzakhala amagwira ntchito yogawa dzikolo.

Komabe Gracchus anafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chilamulo, osati kulimbikitsa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi kulimbikitsa asilikali, komanso kukumana ndi eni zikuluzikulu.

bilu

Ndondomeko kukhazikitsidwa kwa bilu anali ndithu ndondomeko zovuta.

Ngakhale mwambo adamfunsa tisanasankhe bilu aliyense tipezekemo thandizo la nyumba ya Senate, izo sichinayambe udyo malamulo. The kwambiri kuti Senate precedents kuzilambalala njira analipo kale. Choncho, Tiberius yomweyo zapita zokambirana za bilu ya National Assembly.

Koma bilu yomweyo vetoed ya nthandala ena - Octavius, amene anali ndi chidwi wochita kuvala kukhalabe dongosolo akale. Zifukwa munthu Sanasangalale, kodi lamulo iye akufuna Tiberiy Grakh. Kuthana wokonzanso mu Senate sanasinthe stalemate.

Ndiye Tiberius Octavia anayambitsa yogwilitsidwa ofesi monga munthu kubwera kuvulaza anthu. Owayang'anira osankhidwa m'malo Octavia, anathandiza kusintha.

Pambuyo chiyanjo cha khamu dziko la bilu pa kusintha agrarian, analandira mphamvu ya malamulo.

Kugwira ntchito za lamulo

Atangomva Commission anasankhidwa, amene anali kugwiritsa limagwirira kusintha dziko. Mmenemo, kupatula Tiberiyo anali mbale wake amkazi Guy ndi Apiyo Klavdiy Pulhr.

senators wolemera ayesera njira iliyonse zotheka kutsutsa ntchito ya ntchito imeneyi. Koma ngakhale, iye anapitiriza kuchita ntchito yake pachimake. Mmodzi wa zinapambana zikuluzikulu za ntchito ya lamuloli ndi gawo la chuma cha mfumu ya ku Pergamo Atalasi, amene anapatsa chuma chake chonse ndi ufumu wa Republic Roma.

The kupha wa Tiberius Gracchus

Nthawiyi, otsutsa kusintha Tiberius Gracchus anayesa bungwe chisankho cha phungu wina kwa malo Tribune, pamene yokhala pa nchito ya wokonzanso zinatha. Iwo anasankha nthawi imene alimi ambiri anadalira ndi khamulo, anayamba kugwira ntchito zaulimi ndi sakanakhoza kufika ku Rome.

Pa Msonkhano Anthu m'chilimwe cha 133 BC. e. Tinakambirana ndi brawl, imene mbali zambiri wokonzanso anaphedwa. Anadzipha yekha waima. Koma imfa ya Tiberiyo Gracchus sanasiye ndondomeko yomwe iye anayamba.

Tsogolo la kusintha

Atamwalira Tiberius Gracchus, ngakhale gulu lake anatsanulira kupondereza anthu, malamulo agrarian sanali zimafika ndipo anapitiriza ntchito.

M'malo mwake, iye anapha membala wa bungwe la anali wachibale wina wa Gracchus - Gaya Krass mpongozi.

Koma otsutsa adani anali koma ndithu mkulu, ndipo mu 129 BC. e. Commission anayenera suspend ntchito yake, ngakhale kuti nthawi imene anali atachita kale kwambiri. Koma lamulo zoona, anapitiriza ntchito, koma kukhazikitsa tsopano m'gulu mphamvu ya kazembe wa.

Mu 123 BC. e. Gay Grakh anayesa kupitiriza demokalase zoyambira m'bale. Wawakonzera angapo malamulo amene anatengedwa mu zofuna za plebs wamba. Zikuphatikizapo Chimanga Malamulo, magalimoto, milandu, asilikali. Otsiriza awa anali wotsogolera wotchuka kusintha asilikali Gaya Mariya. Komanso, Gayo Gracchus anakwanitsa zoikika kusiya kwa alimi a njuchi pansi pa dzina la Juno mu Africa North pa bwinja la Carthage. Chionetserochi chinali kulimbikitsa kuwalimbikitsa oimira opanda minda plebs dziko.

Koma mu 121 BC. e. Guy anaphedwa, ngati m'bale wake, otsutsa. Ngati imfa ya Tiberiyo, mfundo sangathe kuletsa kusintha demokalase amene akubwera m'dziko Roma. M'tsogolo, iwo zachititsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. The apotheosis wa Civil nkhondo nkhondo pakati Gaya Mariya ndi Yosunga, Pompeyi ndi Yuliya Tsezarya, Mark Anthony ndipo Octavian Augustus.

Mtengo wa munthu

Tiberiy Grakh nthawizonse kukhala mmodzi wa kanjedza kwambiri wodziwika bwino mu mbiri ya Roma. Iye anali mmodzi wa oyamba kukhazikitsa lamulo kuti, poyamba pa zonse, atengedwa mu zofuna za magulu pachiopsezo kwa nzika zonse. Adakali mokwanira bwino kuti zolinga zonse za makhalidwe ake, monga ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira chimodzi mwa zifukwa chipwirikiti ntchito ndale atasemphana ake ndi eni yaikulu m'dziko, komabe ndi ubwino democratization wa anthu Aroma osati Mufunsidwe.

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti anali Tiberiy Grakh anayambitsa malangizo ndale kuti tsogolo lidzasinthidwa gulu demokalase wa populists.

Ichi chinali chiyambi cha kulimbana ndi Gracchi nzika lalikulu zina kutanthauziridwa monga kutsegula kwa nthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Republic Roma.

N'zosatheka Musaone ubwino anabweretsa anthu ophweka Roma Gracchus. Tiberius ndi Gayo muyaya mu mbiri ya dziko, chifukwa cha zochita zake.