Huguenot - ndani izi? Huguenots ndi Achiprotestanti. Huguenots ku France

Mu zaka za m'ma XVI boma lachifumu ku France anali kudutsa nthawi yovuta. Chitaliyana nkhondo, imene inatha mu kugonjetsedwa, zinachititsa mavuto aakulu a mphamvu ndi chuma. French ambuye amene tizidalira apamwamba ndi dziko lapansi latsopano ndi zofunkha za pankhondo anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kukwiya ndi kulephera zimenezi. atamunamizira awo onse adagwa mfumu ndi ogwira wake. Nkhondo itatha, ndi apamwamba anali pafupifupi uwonongedwe. Choncho, anthu otchuka, mwamsanga pamene gulu la Huguenots, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuthandiza ndi ntchito ndi boma pofuna kukwaniritsa zokambirana kwambiri okha. Choncho mbani Huguenots ku France? Yankho la funso limeneli lili m'nkhani.

Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti

Western ku Ulaya ankati Chikatolika, koma chiyambi cha m'ma XVI anali kusakhutira kukula pakati okhulupirika pa nthawi ya khalidwe la Mpingo mlanduwo. Iwo anali otsimikiza kuti Papa ndi anamuperekeza wake yekha mukuganiza bwanji kulimbitsa mphamvu zawo ndi kukhala ngakhale kwambiri. Posonyeza dyera awo ndi kukonda kwambiri chuma, potero ansembe akupereka chitsanzo choipa kwa molimba mtima. kusakhutira Izi zinachititsa chakuti pali gulu latsopano lotchedwa Reformation. Cholinga chake chinali kusintha malamulo a mpingo. Anthu amene anagwirizana ndi gulu limeneli ankatchedwa Aprotestanti, chifukwa iwo sanagwirizane ndi zimene zikuchitika tsopano lino.

Zikamera wa atengera latsopano

Huguenot - ndi French Protestant XVI-XVII zaka. Oyambirira a iwo ankatchedwa Achilutera pambuyo German mmonke Martina Lyutera, amene ankakhala mumzinda wa Wittenberg. Mu 1517 iye analemba wopangidwa mwa mfundo 95, lomwe linaikidwa pa khomo la mpingo wake. chikalata ichi sikuti poyera ansembe payekha, koma analinso ndi mtundu kumusonyeza malamulo molakwa lonse Roma Katolika.

Luther anali wotsimikiza kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu kuphunzira palokha Malemba. Pakuti ichi, anamasulira Baibulo kuchokera ku Chilatini kupita German. Iye anali woyamba, ndipo pambuyo pake Malemba nayamba kulalikira mu zinenero zina.

Monga kuchitika, Mpingo wa Katolika natsutsa Luther. Mosayembekezera, kuti zili osati anthu wamba, komanso ena olamulira mu Europe. Choncho, English Mfumu Henry VIII anafuna kusudzula mkazi wake ndi kukwatira Anne Boleyn. Koma Papa sanapereke chilolezo kutero, kotero wolamulira wa England kuthetsa ubale ndi Vatican, kenako ananena kuti mutu wa Mpingo m'dziko lawo.

Potsatira mmonke German anayamba kuoneka ndi umunthu ena amphamvu, amene anali mfundo za Reformation. Chifukwa cha ichi, Chiprotestanti ali mumaganiza angapo. Ngati mu Germany okhulupirira awa anali kutchedwa Achilutera, ndi French Huguenot - ndi Calvinist. Dzina la chikhulupiriro kuyilandira poukanso John Calvin (1509-1564). Iye anali wotchuka French zaumulungu, ndi zolemba zake zilipo kufotokoza mbali zonse za chikhulupiliro cha chikhristu.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pambuyo kulekana ngati Akatolika okhulupirika pansi kuti alange ndipo ngakhale popachika Aprotestanti, ndi ena, nayenso anayamba kuukira otsatira a Papa. Koma iwo anali otsimikiza kuti avutike kukakamiza adani awo anali kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo ku chilango chamuyaya ku gehena.

Pa nthawi, Chiprotestanti anayamba kufalitsa mu France. Choyamba Huguenot - munthu wachipembedzo, amene anali maganizo a chipembedzo chatsopano. Iye akanakhoza kukhala woimira plebeians kapena bourgeoisie, komanso mbadwa ya otchuka ndi anthu otchuka ang'onoang'ono. Kenako, lingaliro la kukodzedwa. Mu 60s wa atumwi XVI. ndipo mu 20s wa atumwi XVII. Huguenot - uyu si munthu wachipembedzo, a lonse achipembedzo ndi andale gulu Calvin.

Kudulidwa m'magulu awiri

Inayamba maudani ku France chinathandiza kufooka kwa wolowa a Henry II. ana ake - François II, amene analamulira chaka chimodzi chokha (1559-1560), Charles IX (1560-1574) ndi Henry III (1574-1589), kawirikawiri chida cha intrigue kuti anatambasulira mzake bwalo ang'onoang'ono otchuka.

Charles IX anakwera mpando wachifumu ali ndi zaka khumi, ndi regent anali mayi ake - Ekaterina Medichi, amene analamulira pamodzi ndi om'tsatira ake. Ndi zaka zao za sikisite, ndi chachikulu ambuye onse ang'onoang'ono m'magulu awiri amphamvu andale ndiponso achipembedzo. Mmodzi wa olemekezeka anali kumbali ya amati. Iwo ankati Chikatolika. Kumbali yawo kunalinso Ekaterina Medichi - chiyambi Italy. mbali ina ya otchuka ndi a otsutsa ndi ankaimira Huguenot chipani, amene anali lotsogoledwa ndi Bourbons, asilikali Coligny ndi Mfumu ya Navarre. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa bwalo panali atsogoleri ena amene sanagwirizane aliyense wa zipani kumenyana. Iwo anayesera kuti akayanjanitse adani, zomwe ndi zimene Huguenots ndi Akatolika.

Yambani nkhondo

March 1, 1562 m'tauni yaing'ono ya Vassy Kalonga wa amati ndi gulu lake zida mwadzidzidzi anaukira anthu anasonkhana kwa pemphero. Amenewa anali Huguenots, amene anatha kubweza Akatolika perfidious. Pambuyo zochitika zida lotseguka atasemphana anayamba. Iye ankatchedwa Huguenot nkhondo (1562-1598 gg.). Iwo anapha Antuan De Bourbon ndi Fransua De amati. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo nkhondo, amene anali nawo adani oopsa - ndi Huguenots ndi Akatolika - chasanduka mndandanda wa zinthu zoipa, vvergshih France mu chisokonezeko.

osayanjanitsika zosakhalitsa

zachipolowe zida inatha mu 1570. Zinali achipembedzo ndi andale atasemphana kuti anagwedeza dziko lonse. nkhondo anaika Saint-Germain mtendere. Malinga ndi ichi, French Huguenot anakonza ufulu wachipembedzo ndi ulamuliro pa nambala ya nyumba wamphamvu.

The osayanjanitsika anabweretsa unawononge- dziko ndi anthu ake wokhutira, koma Zabwinotu anachititsa kusakhutira pakati pa anthu olemekezeka Akatolika, makamaka banja la amati - lakale French banja, kupita pa akadali ku Carolingian.

Chikoka kukula pa bwalo

mtsogoleri Protestant mkulu wa asilikali de A Coligny. Huguenot ndi kukhudzidwa, anali m'gulu Bungwe la State, akuchita pansi Charles IX Valois. De Coligny, amene chikoka pa bwalo anali yaikulu, kulimbitsa zina mtendere yaitali, adakopa mfumu kukonza ukwati pakati Margaritoy De Valois ndi Henry wa Navarre.

Asilikali Coligny anali wandale kwambiri ndi nthumwi, pofuna kulemera kwawo. Iye ankafuna France kukhala amphamvu, koma Catholic Spain, ankaona nthawi mfumukazi ya nyanja, musalole izi zichitike. Asilikali analangiza mfumu kupereka thandizo la asilikali ku Dutch Achiprotestanti, amene akumenyana kwa ufulu wawo. Iye anadziwa kuti ngati Charles IX angavomereze kuti nkhondo ndi Spain n'zosapeŵeka. Koma Coligny komanso ankadziwa kuti likhale logwirizana Huguenots ndi Akatolika, monga zokonda dziko ali pamwamba ena onse.

Ekaterina Medichi (1519-1589 gg.), Mayi The wamng'ono mfumu, anadandaula kwambiri kuti zochita za Huguenots pa bwalo ndi kumakula kwambiri. Sanafune nkhondo ndi Spanish Akatolika. Mfumukazi amayi ankaona kuti zimenezi dala ndi mavuto dziko. Mu nkhani ya nkhondo, Papa ndi Europe onse Catholic adzakhala mu mikono ndi France.

Chifukwa mitembo ya

Mu 1572, pofuna wina kugwirizanitsa awiri chikumenyana maphwando anapangidwa. Ife tikubwera ndi dongosolo limene mlongo wake wa Mfumu Charles IX - Margaret wa Valois - chodzakwatirana Aprotestanti Genriha Navarrskogo. Choncho, ukwati akhoza kutha mwazi ku France, ndi nkhondo ya Huguenots ndi Akatolika pa izi idzatha.

The ukwati anali kuonedwa August 18. Iwo anali nawo Huguenots onse achifumu. Ambiri a iwo kanthawi anakakhala mtima wa Paris, lomwe linaikidwa kunyumba ya olemekezeka Katolika. Protestant mukudziwa ankangowoneka wapamwamba poyerekezera ndi iwo, ndipo unachititsa kusakhutira pakati pa anthu a m'tawuni, amene, chifukwa msonkho waukulu ndi mitengo chakudya sangathe moyo komanso. Olemera ukwati n'chifukwa kusakhutira, monga ndalama zambiri anathera pa chipembedzo chake, atengedwa, ndithudi, ku m'zikwama ndi amakhoma misonkho kotero osauka. Choncho, zinthu ku Paris pang'onopang'ono mkangano mpaka kufika pachimake.

Kupha wa asilikali de A Coligny

Muzochitika mu mzindawo unali pano, ndipo iye sanali wosakwiya amapondereza banja la amati. Pamodzi ndi Ekaterinoy Medichi, iwo anakonza chiwembu choti aphe de A Coligny. Makumi awiri wachiwiri August 1572, asilikali anadutsa pa nyumba ya amati, iye anavulazidwa mu mpirawo dzanja zipolopolo bwino pawindo. Kuphedwa kuyesa, nthawi analephera. Koma Akatolika sanafune kusiya mapulani awo. August 24 usiku khamu la anthu okwiya zida anathyola m'nyumba, kumene anaphedwa mwankhanza Huguenot asilikali Coligny. Ndi umbanda, ndipo chinali chiyambi cha zochitika zomwe onse m'dziko muno. Choncho anayamba wamagazi Huguenots usiku.

Kuphedwa kwa St. Bartholomew

Kufika kwa ukwati ku Paris, kumbali ya Genriha Navarrskogo mu usiku TH 23 August 24, 1572 anali nkhanza kuphedwa. Izi kuphedwa molapitsa wa Huguenots ku France, anati miyoyo ya za 3 zikwi. Man.

Ndipo onse anayamba ndi chakuti Ekaterina Medichi anatha kutsimikizira mfumu yaing'ono chiwembu bungwe momutsutsa iye ndi Achiprotestanti. Iye anamuuza kuti m'pofunika kuwononga olemekezeka onse, amene ali nawo izi. Mfumu anagonjera ku mfundo zokopa mayi. Pomwepo akutsatiridwa ndi lamulo kubweretsa izo kumenya wokonzeka zonse mu ndende, komanso kutsekera kwa mzinda.

Poyamba zinadziwika za kupha Sitefano Coligny, pa Paris Belo Alamu belo. Iye anatumikira Akatolika kukusonyeza kuchitapo kanthu. Anathamangira mu msewu ndi mfuti, nayamba usiku wa Huguenots. Mwinji wa nzika anakwiya anathyola mu nyumba ndi kupha aliyense amene ankafuna kukhala Katolika. Mu usiku uno , osati Achiprotestanti zowawa. Amangawa anapha angongole awo ndiponso ankafuna kubwezera - anatsogolera sentensi. Amuna, pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi, ndiyotani pakuchotsa zosasangalatsa iwo akazi ndi okonda - ndi kuteteza amuna. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali Huguenots, St. Bartholomew amene wakhala atsopano mu miyoyo yawo. mdima onse, umene udabisika kwambiri mu moyo wamunthu, mwadzidzidzi zotero, ndi mawere mudzi wamagazi chophimba.

Popeza kuphedwa kwa Huguenots ku Paris zinachitika usiku pamaso pa tsiku la St. Bartholomew, chochitika anapita mu mbiri pansi pa dzina la St. Bartholomew.

bacchanalia

Ndi kudza kwa m'bandakucha, kupha alibe idaleka. Ekaterina Medichi anali kuyembekezera zinthu zimenezi. Iye ankafuna kuwononga yekha achangu atsogoleri Huguenot, koma onse chalakwika. mzinda anayamba pogroms ndi looting. nzika wamba wamakhalidwe inapha mazana, ndipo si amadalira chipembedzo chawo. ambanda onse, akuba, ndi wolanda anatuluka mapanga awo, kumverera adzawalanga.

Akuluakulu mumzinda sizinali choncho chisembwere inatenga mlungu wonse. Alonda a pa ndime ndi zigawenga chataya aliyense. The kuchotserapo anali asilikali yekha kusamala, amene anakhalabe okhulupirika kwa lamulo ndi Mfumu, koma kukhazikitsa bata awo sikunali kokwanira.

Zotsatira za St. Bartholomew

Chipwirikiti zachiwawa zikuchitika mu likulu, zinayambitsa unyolo anachita. Huguenots ndipo Achiprotestanti anaphedwa paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi, osati Paris koma mu France - Bordeaux, Orleans, Lyon, Rouen ndiponso mizinda ina.

Kubwezeretsa lamulo ndi kuika dziko kuti, mkulu wa Mfumu Charles IX la France mu zigawo zonse ndi mizinda anatumizidwa chikalatacho. Iwo ananena kuti kupha atsogoleri Protestant chinachitika ndi chilolezo ndi amati kabukuka kakuthandizani kuteteza ena chiwembu wotsutsa boma. Komanso, inali yololedwa analengeza kuti ufulu wachipembedzo si zimafika.

Huguenots ambiri ndipo Achiprotestanti, kuthawa chiwawa, anachoka m'dera la France, chifukwa cha zochita zawo m'dziko wakhala wofooka.

Kukwatirana ndi Marguerite de A Valois, Henry wa Navarre anapulumuka. Koma pofuna kupulumutsa miyoyo, anakakamizika kusintha kwa Chikatolika. Mwachitsanzo wake Pambuyo Henry ndi Conde.

Pa lotayirira la osachepera 5 zikwi. Anthu anaphedwa. Koma, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, chithunzi ichi ndi apamwamba, pa kuzungulira 30 chikwi. Kuyenera kudziŵika kuti chiŵerengero cha akuvutika akadali osadziwika.

Nkhondo ya Henry atatu

Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Huguenots a nkhondo sanaime. Iwo kunabuka ndi mphamvu ngakhale kwambiri, chifukwa kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera m'dziko wosiyana kumpoto kwa France. Pakhala analenga latsopano Huguenots mgwirizano boma, kusamalira abwanamkubwa mwa otchuka m'deralo. Iwo ali chinachake kwambiri ndipo anapindula ichi "kudziyimira pawokha".

Pofika m'ma 70s, monga kuyenera Achiprotestanti kumpoto kwa France, mgwirizano unapangidwa bungwe, wotchedwa League Katolika. mutu wake anakhala Genrih Giz. League uyu anali kulamulira boma ili Paris, ndipo mwinamwake tiyeni cholinga cha Mfumu Henry III kunena ndi osayanjanitsika ndi Huguenots.

Cha m'ma 80s wa kukumana kwa magulu awiri wosadzayanjanika achipembedzo anakula kachiwiri. Iye anaswa nkhondo latsopano pakati pa olandira kuti mpando wachifumu, otchedwa nkhondo atatu Henry (1585-1589), monga panafika ndi French mfumu Henry III (Valois), Genrih Burbon (Navarre) ndi Genrih Giz.

Chifukwa cha makani awo anali mawu otsiriza amene banja lake lamanja zambiri mpando wachifumu kuposa ena, chifukwa ndi kholo la Karl Veliky yekha. chakuti Henry III anali alibe wolandira cholowa, kotero mamembala a League anafuna kuvomereza Giza boma wolowa wachifumu kwa iye. Moti, kuti mu 1588, Mfumu anayamba kukokera pamodzi asilikali onse okhulupirika kwa likulu. Cholinga chawo chinali amangidwe Henry amati ndi anthu ake. Izi anaphunzira ligovtsy ndipo anakonza chiwembu mu Paris ndi mfumu.

Henry III ankathawira Chartres. Kumeneko, anapeza dongosolo kuchenjera: kuitana Giza mwaumbanda cholinga cha chiyanjanitso. mtsogoleri League anabwera kwa mfumu ya December 22, 1588, koma anamva imfa ndi asilikali. Atamva chinyengo ichi, likulu anakana kumvera Valois ndipo anakhala mzinda-Republic. Mwachitsanzo ake ena.

Mfumu anazindikira kuti dziko watha, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ananena Genriha Navarrskogo m'malo mwake. Kumulemba ndi mothandizana nalowa mgwirizano, awiri mfumu ndi asilikali ake anapita ku Paris. Koma Henry III sanabwerere ku likulu - namupha 1 pa August 1589 chaka. Ndi imfa yake, Valois mafumu ali unatha. Anakwera wachifumu Mfumu ya Navarre, amene anakhala mfumu yatsopano ya France - Henry IV. Popeza nyamuka wake mphamvu inatha mu nkhondo ya nkhanza pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti.

Tsopano funso la amene Huguenots ku France ndi ovuta kuyankha, kuti iwo anali anthu a zikhulupiriro zina ndi osiyana kwambiri ku Chikatolika. Aprotestanti kukana kulambira zinthu zakale, zithunzi, mpingo anadzudzula issuance wa machimo. Mtima umenewu Papa ndi atsogoleri ake sankakhoza kupirira, kotero analengezeratu Huguenots ndi ampatuko amathandiza Satana. Anayamba crackdown, amene anachititsa chotero yotayikitsa, wamagazi nkhondo imene inatenga zaka zambiri.