Khalidwe labwino kunja kunja ochiritsira lofunika, posonyeza

Katswiri zamaganizo anthu zoseketsa Goethe monga mawu amodzi anachokera chilinganizo chimene likukwaniritsa mfundo za khalidwe kunja, "anthu ambiri oipa ndi chiwerewere padziko lino kuyang'ana koyenera kotero kuti tsopano angathe kusindikizidwa pa Khirisimasi makadi." Izi lonse la Goethe, koma izi Ikufotokozanso kufunika gloss kunja - kuphimba koyenera si wokongola kwambiri makhalidwe maganizo.

ndi ukali woona ndi zapamwamba zimene

Koma musanayambe kuika sitampu ndi kusanthula khalidwe munthu, timaona zimene ukhondo, ngati izo ziri. Malangizo pa "Kodi mnyamata wabwino," kuyambira nthawi ya Alexander Ine, linasindikizidwa angapo. Kuti pali yekha "malamulo a ulemu ndi khalidwe labwino", lofalitsidwa mu 1819 mu Album ana wapatali cha amazikonda anthu otchuka.

Mawu akuti "khalidwe" ndiye iwo sunali otchuka, koma tanthauzo lake anali momveka bwino, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi mfundo chinyengo. Chinathandiza yokonza tilinazo wa chimangidwe mkulu wa otchedwa "George" ndi aferistki, amavala zithumwa golide pa ulonda-unyolo ndi ryadivshiesya mu pakhoma. Kusiyanitsa dona zoona kapena njonda ya penguin mu nthenga pikoko akanakhoza kokha pa khalidwe anthu. Ngakhale ngati kunja makonzedwe ukali zosamveka mwano kapena wokakamiza complaisance wamba kapena bwino ophunzira mbewu ya "pakati strata 'anapereka mutu wawo.

German wolemba wa malemu XIX atumwi, Mkango Feuchtwanger pa nkhaniyi anasonyeza kafungo: "Mwa makhalidwe onse a khalidwe labwino kwambiri owononga." Ndithudi, kukhalabe moyo kuti si kukumana kudzikonda mkati, nthawi zina akanagwiritsa katundu. Wonse akugwirizana ndi chiweruzo ichi ndi Kant, tingadziwe kuti khalidwe labwino lililonse ndi kanthu koposa kuyang'ana wokongola.

Kusiya kalembedwe wodzitukumula, anafotokoza kuti khalidwe labwino tanthauzo lake lalikulu - zilibe ngakhale a anthu mkulu, koma kuthetsa kumeneko zinali yabwino. Ichi sichina kuposa zochita nthawi zonse. Maonekedwe abwino zapamwamba, motero, angayambe anthu onse.

Malamulo a khalidwe labwino ndi maweruzo a Upper Kuwala

Onse kunja ukali ntchito mkati zina khama ndi kuwunika zonse. Iwo sali mu mzimu wa kudzitama, koma oyitanira kuwunikidwa akufuna kudzichepetsa la chiweruzo ndi kusamala zosangalatsa.

Mu kuwala kwa chidziwitso changwiro, munthu wamakhalidwe ayenera makhalidwe zotsatirazi:

• kuwomba chiweruzo, bungwe, maganizo osati ndi mawu, koma zochita zake ndi zochita kuti zochita za ena;
• makhalidwe mkulu ndi khalidwe wokhulupirika;
• zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a mwambo ndi dziko imene ili;
• kulolerana ena, luso osati muzindikire woyang'anira chachilendo, ngati si amanyansidwa;
• kuteteza ulemu munthu mu vuto lililonse;
• ndi mtima wofuna kuthandiza ena popanda chonena chipukutamisozi kutakhala kovuta, mtengo kapena wovulalayo n'zotheka ndi dzanja lake.

The Goethe chomwecho, kulankhula za mbali ya makhalidwe ya nkhani, m'pomveka kuona kuti khalidwe labwino kunja ayenera kukhala olungama.

Malamulo a khalidwe mu "Encyclopedia wa moyo"

1992 "Encyclopedia wa moyo", buku ikuwonjezera pang'ono pamwamba, koma tiyeni tidziwe bwino za malamulo a maonekedwe abwino akhazikitsidwa ndi mwathu muno posachedwapa. Choncho kusunga khalidwe labwino njira:

• motero, kuti awagwire malo ake;
• kuchitira ena mwaulemu;
• kuti tisonyeze kusangalala potchula anthu amene ali ndi chifukwa kukhala wachisoni;
• amasonyeza mitundu kunyada
• osati pakamwa pa interlocutor kucheza, pomwepo - musati kuyesezera kukhala gwero la verbosity;
• osati kukakamiza aliyense kuvomereza maganizo anu, koma kuti tiimirire chilungamo mawu amene sanali amanyansidwa ena;
• osati kunong'ona Tete-a-Tete a anthu ena pa anthu;
• osati kuika kukambirana za munthu;
• kuchita kukakamizidwa zikundinyansa nthawi, kupeza mphamvu kupepesa ndi kusiya gwero, ngati mukufuna kusiya.

khalidwe labwino wakuba

Mumadziwika woba Sonka Golden Cholembera anali consummate mwini ulendo, ndi ovutikawo Kalanga itatha anaganiza kuti pochita zinthu ndi dona mu kwambiri lemekezedwa. mkaziyo anali ophunzira kwambiri, mosavuta anaphunzira zinenero zisanu ndipo amakhala ndi maonekedwe wokongola wa mtsikana wosalakwa.

Onse bwino ndime lalikulu anachita Sonya, anali mphamvu zawo zapadera kusewera izi mbala wanzeru ukali wake kunja, wakulekana ndi malamulo a khalidwe labwino ndi chisomo ngati, ngati kuti anali wamng'ono "mwangozi" zochitika.

Potchula chitsanzo cha Sophia Blyuvshteyn, tikhoza kunena zambiri za chodabwitsa plasticity osowa. Ndi kwathunthu luso ukhondo, mwakuwoneka chitsanzo chabwino wolemekezeka dona, Ammayi izi kwa moyo chitsimikizo china mawu a Charles Colton: "Akazi si nthawi zonse pamene anthu olakwira malamulo a ukhondo, koma ngati ali kupita koposa, iwo apite chikutanthauza zambiri more» .

Kodi kuzindikira ubwino mu Germany

Wamakhalidwe German si kusakaniza moyo ndi anthu, kotero malo awo sakuvomereza kukambirana banja pa nkhani ntchito ndi ntchito - banja. Inu sadzamvera kwa bwenzi la pamtima German kuti "inu" ngakhale patapita miyezi ingapo limodzi, ngakhale kusintha gawo la kukambirana pa anthu awa chanzeru wosakwiya ndipo mogwirizana ndi kuuzidwa zochita.

Sayenera kugwa mu msampha wa kanthu ndi khalidwe labwino kufunsa Germany zochita zake, ndi kusonyeza chidwi chenicheni pa nkhani inayake, kuyambira mukatero kukumana ndi yaitali ndi zambiri kukambirana za mavuto onse, kumva uthenga, miliri ndi ena onse, kuti njira zina kapena mwachindunji anakhudza izi Herr.

Ajeremani n'zosadabwitsa uthe kuzindikira woonekeratu kunja ukali chinyengo nkhaniyi, kotero ngati simufuna kukhala pansi pa ubwenzi a mmodzi wa iwo, musati muyesere kuyesa chithunzi winawake.

Khalidwe labwino mu English

Khalidwe labwino ku England - si kunja kuwonetseredwa osati chifukwa cha kudziletsa, mkhalidwe wa khalidwe, aumbike mwa mwana. Zokambirana - khalidwe zoyambirira za ku England, kotero inu mukhoza kunena naye kwa ola limodzi ndi kupanga kuyitana kuchokera ku mfundo zolondola kwambiri zokhudza nyengo, pa mitengo kuwombola, komatu si chimene inu ankafuna kudziwa.

Nthawi zambiri, mu kukambirana khalidwe zolondola wamakhalidwe England ndithu amatchula nyengo ndi nthawi dazeni pokambirana. Zingaoneke zachilendo, koma ayamikike mutu zina bwino zimaŵetedwa Briton sadzalola inu kuti amachita manyazi kuyimitsa kapena kusochera mu kufufuza nkhani.

Mu England, osati mu njira ya yogwirana polankhulana - chanza, akugwira dzanja lake interlocutor wake, akuti ndi chosayenera. Monga chosayenera pokambirana ndi ndi Briton woona kudzatenga izo chenicheni, ngati n'zoonekeratu kuti iye amayesetsa kupewa izo.