Kristofer Tolkin, mwana wamng'ono wa JRR Tolkien. Wambiri

Kristofer Tolkin (onani pansipa chithunzi.) - mwana wamng'ono wa JRR Tolkien, woyambitsa wa ntchito zimenezi wodziwika bwino monga "Ambuye wa mphete", "The Hobbit, kapena Pali ndipo Back Apanso" ndi "The Silmarillion". Christopher anakhala yaikulu mkonzi ntchito pa ntchito yosatha ya bambo ake. Ndi kusindikiza ili "The Silmarillion", "Mbiri ya Middle-lapansi", makalata ndi essays, Tolkien Sr. ndi zina za ntchito zake zina m'mabuku.

yonena

Kristofer Ruel Tolkien anabadwa mu mzinda wa Leeds English mu 1924. Pa zaka 19 pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, iye m'gulu la kagulu ka ndege mfumu ndi ena nthawi imene akuchita utumiki. Pambuyo chigonjetso cha anagwirizana mphamvu unasamutsidwa ndikusunga.

Atamaliza ntchito ngati woyendetsa asilikali, Kristofer Tolkin anapita ku mapazi bambo ake. Mu 1949 anamaliza University Oxford ndi digiri ku "English". Patapita zaka zingapo adalandira digiri yachiwiri mabuku. 60 - 70s, iye anali positi yomweyo bambo ake - anali katswiri wa English pa yunivesite ya Oxford.

ntchito mkonzi ntchito za atate wake

Ndipotu, ntchito pa ntchito za mwana JRR Tolkien a Christopher anayamba kuyambira ubwana wake, pamene iye anali womvera woyamba ndi awerenga nkhani ya Bilbo Baggins, anadzakhala buku "The Hobbit, kapena Pali ndipo kachiwiri." Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ntchito pa "Ambuye wa mphete," mwana wamng'ono wa atate anapereka zambiri kutsutsa zaphindu ndipo anathandiza kulenga mapu wathunthu wa Middle-dziko ntchito lero.

Pamene Christopher anadza kwa zaka - mu England mu '21 - bambo anga anamuitana kutenga nawo mbali pa misonkhano ya "maulendo amene ankachitika" club pa Oxford. Young Christopher nawo pa zokambirana zolembalemba pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana ndi zimphona zoterozo za mtundu wanyimbo a "zongopeka mkulu" monga Klayv Lyuis, Charlz Uilyams ndi Rodzher akumwetulira. Mkulu zolembalemba zolinga za bambo ndi akazi ake pa gululi zinakhudza kwambiri pa Christopher ndiponso anamuthandiza kumvetsa bwino ntchito ya bambo ake, womwe zinamuthandiza pamodzi Sinthani (ndi zina kuwonjezera) ndi kumasula kusindikiza ntchito yosatha JRR Tolkien.

mafani zovuta ntchito Christopher Tolkien la "Ambuye wa mphete" akuyenera ntchito zimenezi wodziwika bwino monga "The Silmarillion", "Ana a Hurin" ndi kusonkhanitsa chuma cha nkhani zimene zimafotokoza mbiri ya Middle-lapansi. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito mwakhama pa chilengedwe cha mapu, Christopher, pa maziko a mipukutu bambo ake, anatola mawu olemera kwambiri a zinenero anthu a kontinenti ichi zamatsenga.

"The Silmarillion"

Atamwalira J. R. R. Tolkien mapewa a mwana wake Christopher anapita ku ntchito yovuta - kumasula kusindikiza yosatha buku kuti wofalitsa "The Hobbit" ndi "Ambuye" poyamba anakana. Christopher ntchito msanga kuti bambo wake wotchedwa "Bukhu la Ataye nkhani," drafts "The Silmarillion" ndipo anaonetsa chokhumba cha bambo ake okhudza buku lake.

"The Silmarillion" ndi nkhani ya Arda - dziko limene mbali ndi Middle-lapansi. Buku idzafotokoza zisanu:

• "Nyimbo ya Ainur, kapena Ainulindale" - limatiuza za kulengedwa kwa dziko mothandizidwa ndi nyimbo Ilúvatar ndi Ainur. Limanena za chilengedwe cha EA - ndi chilengedwe chimene woyamba mutu nyimbo bungwe Iluvatar (Mlengi), ndipo anatola Ainur (mphamvu) analenga Arda - zooneka ndi dziko anazindikira. Wachiwiri mutu nyimbo anapereka maphunziro a dziko lino, ndipo anatenga mphamvu ya aliyense wa Ainur. Mutu wachitatu zitayimbidwa ndi Iluvatar yekha n'kubereka ana a Ilúvatar, Elves (woyamba) ndipo anthu (zivundi).
• "Valakventa, kapena mbiri ya Valar" - magulu specifications ndi mafotokozedwe a Valar, ndi Maiar, ndi Melkor. Malinga ndi gawo lachiwiri la "The Silmarillion", anthu a Ainur amene akufuna kupita kukakumana woyamba wa Arda, iwo anamasulidwa Iluvatar EA ndipo anapeza makhalidwe osiyana. Elves dzina lake mchitidwe awo, kapena pa elven mkulu - Valar. Ali othandizira wochepa mu mphamvu - Maillard. Morgoth - mmodzi wa wamphamvu kwambiri Ainur, Ilúvatar kusamvera, amene anapanga dissonance mu nyimbo ndipo anasiya EA. The zinachitika ya Lusifala m'Baibulo, anakhala kholo la coipa Arda ndi mdani yaikulu ya Valar.
• "Quenta Silmarillion, kapena mbiri ya Silmarils pa" - nthano a ngale analengedwa ndi Feanor elven mmisiri, amene chinapitirira ndi kuwala kwa Arda. Ichi ndi mtokoma wa "Silmarillion", limene limafotokoza Age Choyamba onse.
• "Akallabêth kapena kugwa kwa Númenor" - nthano za, cholinga cha ndilo mwana wachiwiri wa Iluvatar - anthu. Padera lachinayi ndi za chilengedwe cha wamkulu wa ufumu wawo, pachimake, kuchepa ndipo kugwa, zomwe zinachititsa kubisala wa Valinor - dziko la Valar - kupitirira Arda.
• "Pa mphete Mphamvu" - otsiriza buku limatiuza za zochitika za Age Chachitatu, pang'ono anafotokoza mu "The Hobbit" ndi "Ambuye wa mphete."

"The History of Middle-lapansi"

Yaikulu ntchito mkonzi ntchito Christopher Tolkien pansi udindo "History of Middle-lapansi" zimaphatikizapo 12 mabuku. Mu atamwalira lofalitsidwa zosonkhanitsira zikuphatikizapo ntchito oyambirira onse Dzhona Tolkina, komanso drafts wake, zolemba, essays ndi makalata lolembedwa ndi Kristofer Tolkin. mkazi Christopher anali chinkhoswe mu makalata ake kwa akonzi apongozi.

mndandanda sagwirizana ndi storyline yeniyeni ndi mosalekeza polemba chinenero, kuphatikizapo ndakatulo ndi nyimbo, ndakatulo ndi utolankhani. Woyamba mabuku awiri "History" kupanga oyambirira ndi mochedwa ntchito za Tolkien Sr., iye anali pamodzi "Bukhu la nkhani Ataye."

"Ataye nkhani"

Pambuyo buku la "The Silmarillion" m'manja mwa Christopher muli ndi drafts angapo ndipo Mipukutu ya nthawi opaleshoni ndi nkhani, kale anamasulidwa mu bukhu. Malinga Tolkien, Jr., ngati mipukutu imeneyi kuwagwiritsa ntchito pamene tikugwira "The Silmarillion", buku akanakhala chosiyana.

Pakati pake penipeni, woyamba mabuku awiri "History of Middle-dziko lapansi" za zochitika chimodzimodzi ndi "Silmarillion", koma ndi kuwonjezapo kwambiri ndi m'madera ena ngakhale ndi kusiyana. Dzhon Tolkin zambiri anasinthanso mayina a malo ndi anthu a Middle-lapansi ndi Arda Choncho, lofalitsidwa mu "Bukhu la nkhani Ataye" drafts kusokoneza storyline kuchuluka ndi zopeka chilengedwe. Ndicho chifukwa Christopher anali ndi ntchito yaikulu powapatsa zolengedwa oyambirira ndi mafotokozedwe a bambo awo ndi maumboni ntchito ina.

"Ana a Hurin"

Akuti buku limene bambo Tolkien anayamba kugwira ntchito mu paunyamata wake ndipo anakhalabe yosatha. Nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya Turin Turambar ndi Nienor anali yosatha Christopher Tolkien kuti buku la nkhani ndi anamasulidwa kulisindikiza mu 2007. Malinga ndi Christopher, ena mfundo za chiwembu iye anali kumanga pa yokha.

Copyright ndi chophimba mabaibulo

Monga Christopher ndiye mwana yekhayo Dzhona Tolkina, iye anali woyang'anira wamkulu wa Fund Tolkien wotchuka, okhala maumwini ku ntchito ya wolemba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kwa zaka zambiri panali mavuto ndi mavuto, makamaka yokhudza anatengera "The Hobbit" ndi "Ambuye wa mphete" omwe anatsutsa Tolkin Kristofer. Ufulu kwa mwiniwake wa mbiri pa zowonetsera Komabe, anagulitsidwa pa moyo wa bambo ake.

Nkhani yoyamba za filimu anatengera a "Ambuye" anapita ngakhale pamene moyo anali mlembi wa buku, ndilo ofunika ponena, sadali wachangu wapadera za maganizo oti filimu Komabe, alibe kubzikhotcera. Dzhon Tolkin nthawi zina ngakhale nawo ntchito pa script kwa staging filimu, koma iye anafa, ndipo alibe nthawi kutsiriza ntchito mpaka kumapeto.

wolemba Komabe, anakwanitsa kugulitsa ufulu film, ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake ndi thumba anagula mayina ndi zilembo, mogwirizana ndi zomwe Kristofer Tolkin alibe chikoka pa zili m'mafilimu ntchito awiri lofalitsidwa pa moyo wa bambo ake.

Kumwa zimasintha Peter Jackson

Ngakhale kuti trilogy "Ambuye wa mphete" Peter Jackson ndi konsekonse chimatengedwa ngati zabwino zimasintha alipo, Tolkin Kristofer, amene ana ankagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ogwira ntchito, ndithu mwaukali anadzudzula kutanthauzira olakwika ntchito. Mu kuyankhulana ndi nyuzipepala LeMonde anadandaula kuti "Ambuye" - si mankhwala mu "kanthu" mtundu wanyimbo, osati zokongola olembedwa yonthunthumilitsa, koma ndi nkhani zambiri zovuta zimene zingakhudze maganizo a dziko. Piter Dzhekson trilogy kuchotsedwa zonse kwabasi ndi zovuta anatembenuka mu filimu yosavuta kwa achinyamata.

Mtima ndi ntchito za wotsogolera ndi kusiyana ndi ulemu kwa milandu filimu kampani zinachititsa kuti mikangano ndi incandescent ndi litigation, amene kwambiri mochedwa "The Hobbit" kujambula ndi wafunsira ngati atasemphana "ndi Kristofer Tolkin, Peter Jackson."