Periodization - ndi chiyani ichi? World periodization

Periodization angatchedwe mwina gawo lalikulu la kafukufuku pa funso si mbiri, komanso chikhalidwe - zinthu zoona, inakula. Popanda chidziwitso cha malamulo a kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zosatheka kumanga chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha dziko.

tanthauzo la

M'lingaliro loona periodization - kugawikana kwa chinachake mu zigawo nthawi. Childs, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphunzira philology, mbiri kapena maphunziro chikhalidwe. Ilo liri mu malo a sayansi ndi onena komanso zofunikira.

Tikumbukenso kuti wapadera Poti mtengo wa periodization akuti - ndi mtundu wa dongosolo la kachitidwe. Mkati kulekana munthu angathe kukhala wachiwiri, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimalimbikitsa mwatsatanetsatane, kukambirana ndi kulunjika zodabwitsa zosiyanasiyana.

mitundu ya periodization

Popeza kusanduka ake, anthu wadutsa Zakachikwi, n'zosadabwitsa kuti linakhalapo akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali nthawi. Choyamba, savutika kumvetsa, ndipo kachiwiri - phunzirolo. Periodization - mtundu wa kusakanikirana nkhani za dongosolo makamaka. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za zinthu zofunika kwambiri, zochitika.

Chitsanzo zosavuta periodization angatchedwe nthawi kugawana za moyo wa munthu pa nthawi iyi ndi nthawi imene akhala naye.

A kutchula molondola njira - ndi periodization zaka. Iwo akhoza anayimiridwa mwa mitundu iwiri: mosamalitsa ndondomeko nthawi ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa zaka malinga ndi chikhalidwe zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu mabuku adzakhala zayamba wosiyana kalendara.

World periodization ndi ambiri kuposa magawano mu intervals nthawi ya dziko kapena ngakhale Africa. Ndipotu, mtundu uwu systematization kungakhale zolembalemba, zokongoletsa, mbiri yakale, ndipo monga mmene tafotokozera pamwambapa, kalendala.

Periodization luso

Ngati inu mumawatcha zokumbira zokumbira, periodization mabuku kapena zinthu zina zilizonse za Art ndi kusiyana mu nthawi mbali kulenga. Izi ndi mbali wachibadidwe ndi chizindikiro chosiyana.

Anatinso kwa periodization mabuku, ndi mitundu ina zilandiridwenso zikuphatikizapo Kale, Zapakati, Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Baroque, Classicism, maphunziro, romanticism, Kuzindikira ndi masiku ano. Kumene, mugawo ili angatchedwe lachabechabe, chifukwa n'zotheka kupeza Inde zina aliyense nthawi awa: sentimentalism, Rococo, naturalism, ndi ena.

Paluso (kupenta, zomangamanga), mugawo ili mukusungira chachikulu, koma ena a chi amangokhala kwina. Mwachitsanzo, palibe amene amakayikira lamanja la kukhalako kwa nthawi Baroque m'mbiri ya nyimbo, koma zaka choonadi, monga kuvomerezedwa mabuku, mu malo a phokoso anatayira - nthawi anapatsidwa uli kwathunthu kwa classicism.

Kwakukulukulu amasankha nkhani ya periodization - kusiyana chitukuko cha zosiyanasiyana luso ndi mapangidwe statehood ndi moyenera, dziko yopanga m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake kulekana Mbali kwa nyengo yeniyeni ndi kobvuta kwambiri.

Periodization wa chitukuko cha mtundu winawake wa zochita za anthu, ndipo anthu yokha, monga tanenera kale, kumatengera zifukwa ziwiri: zochitika m'mbiri komanso makhalidwe. Kubweretsa chitsanzo yeniyeni, chophweka njira kutembenukira kwa njira anapereka periodization mabuku pa nkhani ya maluso ena.

munthawi

Atsegula chikhalidwe dziko kalekale. Ambiri ofufuza za amavomereza kuti nthawi imeneyi inatenga mpaka zana lachisanu BC. Ndipotu, kwa anthu, nyengo imeneyi angatchedwe imodzi yofunika kwambiri - panthawi wakale maziko a dziko la nzeru, aesthetics ndi mfundo zomveka. Aristotle Poetics chimaonedwabe imodzi mwa ntchito lalikulu. Komanso, nthawi imeneyi, anthu alitcha kumvetsetsa luso monga chinyezimiro cha chowonadi - mimetic luso.

"The Odyssey", "Iliad", amene anaika maziko a epos dziko, zinatuluka kalekale.

Mu dziko la sayansi chikhalidwe amavomereza kuti dzina nthawi iyi mibadwo ya mdima. Poyamba, pa nthawi iyi pali njira ya yimitsira wathunthu wa thupi kulambira ndi luso monga. dziko lonse anatembenuzidwa chipembedzo, Mulungu, moyo. Nthawi za kusaka Woyera, mfiti zokhudza komanso moyo malemba okha zokhudza mpingo. Popeza periodization - lingaliro ili ndi avundulidwe ndithu, pali kusiyana zambiri oyambirira ndi mochedwa Ages Middle. Wotchuka chithunzi nyengo amawaona kuti Dante Alighieri wotchedwa ndakatulo lotsiriza la Ages Middle ndi ndakatulo loyamba la Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

nthawi yatsopano

Umayamba nyengo yatsopano m'ma wa khumi ndi m'ma BC ndipo akupitiriza mapeto a chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi cha. Anthu umabwerera kwa zolinga za kale anthropocentrism, anapereka m'mbuyomu okwana theocentrism. Kubadwa Kwatsopano anapereka dziko Shakespeare, Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo.

Baroque - ndi imodzi mwa nthawi zambiri zokongola za chikhalidwe dziko, semnadtsatyy- chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Dziko mu nthawi iyi ya kwenikweni anasungidwa, anthu amadziwa kuthedwa nzeru zake chilengedwe, ndi waufupi wa moyo, ndikudabwa za tanthauzo la kukhalapo. Pa nthawi ntchito Beethoven ndi Bach, Rastrelli ndi Caravaggio, Milton ndi Luis De Góngora.

Classicism m'mayiko ambiri inatenga ku chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Izi ndi nthawi zitsanzo pazipita amatsata wakale zaluso. Panopa kukonza malo a mizere bwino kapangidwe yunifolomu. Mu mabuku pali okhwima kulekana ku Mitundu mkulu, sing'anga ndi otsika. Kukhala tingachipeze powerenga za luso alitcha kwambiri Pangano la Nikolya Bualo. Racine, Corneille, Lomonosov, Lafontaine - apa ndi oimira wotchuka mabuku zachikhalidwe. nyimbo ndi Haydn ndi Mozart.

Pakuti classicism anatsatira Choonadi, chimene chinafika mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Ichi ndi chigonjetso kwenikweni rationalism, kufuna kumvetsa ndi kuzindikira, chipambane maganizo a anthu. Defoe, Swift, Fielding anaima pa nthawi imeneyo pamwamba pa chiwonetsero zokongoletsa wa ganizo.

art atembenuza

Romanticism, kuchotsa Choonadi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, nthawi yomweyo analowa zokambirana ndi kulemekeza mfundo kukutsogolerani. Izi masiku luso amamuchititsa M'malo mwake, kuthawa rationality, kuti spiritualize moyo wa munthu, kulengeza zolinga za ufulu. Byron, HOFFMANN, abale Grimm, Genrih Geyne bwino anasonyeza nyengo makamaka.

Kuzindikira, nayenso anayamba kupikisana ndi romanticism, akulengeza kukana kwathunthu wosangalatsa, mwachinsinsi, munthu chabe. "Moyo ndi m'mene ziriri" - kuti ndi zopanda yaikulu ya malangizo. Gyustav Flober, Honoré de Balzac, Stendhal ndi ena ambiri.

Pa izi ndi zina

M'tsogolo, mabuku ndi luso lokha, mumaganiza latsopano anatuluka: chimakono, pambuyo chimakono, avant-garde. Periodization wa chitukuko cha ganizo anthu ukhoza kalekale. Kungakhale koposa latsopano nthambi zenizeni zigawo zikuluzikulu. Izo nthawizonse ikupita patsogolo, kuti nyenyezi ndi yakuya kwambiri mwachinsinsi. Kumvetsa ndi kutsegulidwa kwa muyaya.