Zitsanzo za ulimi mu Russia ndi France

Kuukira ndi njira bwanji kusintha lofunika mu dongosolo alipo, anayamba kukwiyira maganizo yotsogolera ku cha m'ma XVIII. Monga ulamuliro, ulimi ukulu wa chachikulu, chinali kusintha kwa monarchical kwa mawonekedwe Republican boma. Zimene kulanda boma ndi amagwirizana ndi akuvutika ambiri. Zitsanzo odziwika utasintha - gawo zomvetsa chisoni m'mbiri ya dziko lililonse. Tiyeni tione kusokonekera wotchuka kwambiri ndipo yesani kuyankha funso, kapena pachabe imfa ya anthu amene anapereka miyoyo yawo chifukwa lingaliro.

Kukwera: tanthauzo

Choyamba tiyenera tanthauzo la mawu akuti "Kukwera", si monga kusintha ndi kusintha achikhazikitso, yodziwika ndi waufupi. Ambiri, mfundo imeneyi sikuli chabe kuti mbiri. Pali kusintha sayansi (ena anapeza zofunika kwambiri) mu chikhalidwe (kusintha mwadzidzidzi makonda, nthawi zambiri Geological), mu Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe (mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe zisinthe).

M'pofunika kusiyanitsa mnjira ku zotsatira za njira yomweyi koma osiyana ndi mawu. Choncho, mawu oti "chisinthiko" limatanthauza pang'onopang'ono, kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Pang'ono mofulumira ndondomeko kusintha, koma ulibe mphamvu ndi liwiro mphezi, ndi kusintha sizikhala kwambiri.

M'pofunika kusiyanitsa mawu akuti "Kukwera" ndi "zokhumba d'etat". Etymologically, iwo ndi apaubale chifukwa revolutio linamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini ndipo limatanthauza 'kulanda boma. " Komabe, mfundo zingapo amaona kwambiri ndi zolembedwa kusintha mbali zonse za moyo chikhalidwe, pamene zokhumba Ndipotu - si kusintha wolamulira boma wina ndi mzake.

Zimayambitsa kusintha kwa

N'chifukwa chiyani kayendedwe chosintha? Kodi n'chiyani chimalimbikitsa anthu kuti atenge nawo mbali mu chochitika zoipazi, onyamula anthu ambirimbiri? Pali zifukwa malinga ndi zifukwa zambiri:

1. Kukwiya ndi bureaucracy ndi osankhika kuchepa utuluke zachuma. Against maziko a kuchepa zachuma.
2. Internal osankhika kumenyana pakati pawo. Zimachitika kuti strata apamwamba a anthu - chatsekedwa ndithu dongosolo, nthawi zina kugawa mphamvu. nkhondo imeneyi kungapangitse chipolowe weniweni, ngati aliyense wa elites kuti tipezekemo thandizo la anthu.
3. Kunachitika kutengapo mbali. zipolowe chifukwa cha kusakhutitsidwa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana - kuchokera osankhika pansi kwambiri.
4. Mfundo. Izo ziyenera amapereka mwa zisinthe uliwonse, ndi zothetsera bwino. nzika ndikhoza kuima pakati pa yachipembedzo kapena wina. General kudzakhala nkhondo yolimbana ndi kupanda chilungamo anachita ndi boma panopa ndi malamulo.
5. Mphamvu abwino mfundo yachilendo. mayiko anagwirizana akana kuvomereza ndi kuthandiza mphamvu alipo.

Choncho, pamaso pa mfundo zisanu zingapo anganene kuti ndi opambana. Zitsanzo kusintha bwino kuti si nthawi zonse kumvera mfundo zonse asanu, koma ambiri chichitike ngati malo oyaka.

Limatchula za kusintha Russian

anasintha kwambiri dongosolo chikhalidwe chuma yodziwika ndi States ambiri. Zitsanzo zingapo angapezeke mu pafupifupi dziko lililonse ku Ulaya, ku United States. Komabe, iye sichinkandipatsa zinthu zomvetsa chisoni, monga Russia. Apa, aliyense zisinthe Russian akhoza kufafaniza osati dongosolo boma, komanso dziko palokha. Ndi chifukwa chiyani?

Choyamba, ubwenzi wapadera pakati pa makwerero masanjidwe. Pakati pa amenewa, panalibe "lumikiza", osankhika mphamvu ndipo pali osiyana kwambiri ndi anthu. Choncho - kwambiri kwambiri mphamvu zachuma zofunika makalasi m'munsi, ambiri a iwo amakhala osauka. Vuto limeneli silinali mu dyera kwambiri zigawo apamwamba, sikutheka mme- moyo wa "pansi" chifukwa ulamuliro zida ungwiro. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti mfundo yakuti "pamwamba" mphamvu zofunika kuti agonjetse anthu mwa mphamvu.

Chachiwiri, nzeru zapamwamba, wosenza lingaliro chosintha anapereka wotsatira chipangizo kwambiri zosatheka chifukwa zinachitikira osakwanira kasamalidwe.

Muyeneranso kuganizira peculiarities wa mtima wa Russian kuti munthu kulekerera chinyengo kwa nthawi yaitali, kenako imodzi "amaphulika."

mbali zonse izi ndi kukhala ankamasulira anapanga Bolshevism, zomwe zachititsa Russia utasintha.

1905: ulimi loyamba

Kukwera choyamba mu Russia zinachitika mu January 1905. Iye sanali kudya kwambiri, chifukwa yekha inatha mu June 1907.

The prerequisites anali kuchepa mu mlingo wa chuma ndi mafakitale, kulephera kwa mbewu, ndi anasonkhanitsa ngongole poyera ndi kukula kwambiri (mu mlandu uwu nkhondo ndi Turkey). Kwa kusintha ngati pakufunika: akuluakulu pansi pamaso kusintha m'dongosolo boma. Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom makampani kasamalidwe dongosolo chofunika processing. ntchito wamba anali bwino chinachititsa Ndipotu anakhalabe ndi udindo mgwirizano, dziko ammudzi ndi kuchepetsa nthawi zonse wambiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti 1905 zisinthe anali wabwino kunja ndalama: m'kupita kwa nkhondo ndi Japan analengeza othandizira la uchigawenga ndi mabungwe chosintha.

kusamvera kumeneku kufalikira ku zigawo zonse za anthu Russian - kuchokera wamba kuti anzeru a. Kukwera udaikidwa kudula zotsala aliyense wa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono serf, kukapha autocracy.

Zotsatira za kuukira boma, 1905-1907

Mwatsoka, 1905 zisinthe idagonjetsedwa, analowa ngati stub m'mbiri ya mbiri Komabe, zawachititsa kuti kusintha zofunika:

1. Iwo linapereka kwa parliamentarism Russian: thupi boma unakhazikitsidwa.
2. mphamvu mfumu okha kudzera kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma.
3. Malinga ndi mfundo za a October 17 ndi nzika za ufulu demokalase.
4. Malo ndi kantchito zasintha kwa bwino.
5. Alimi achita zochepa womangidwa kwawo.

The February utasintha mu 1917

The February utasintha cha 1917 kunali kupitiriza kwa zochitika za 1905-1907. Mu autocracy kukhumudwa zigawo osati m'munsi (antchito, alimi), koma bourgeoisie. amenewa ali kwambiri kukula nkhondo imperialist.

Chifukwa cha zokhumba mu ulamuliro chikhalidwe ndi anthu akukumana atasintha. chikhalidwe cha ulimi wa 1917 kunali bourgeois-demokalase. Koma izo zinali abwino wapadera. Ngati timatenga zitsanzo za yemweyo zisinthe malangizo ku maiko a ku Ulaya, tikuona kuti anakopa iwo anali antchito, ndi kugonjetsa ufumu, m'mbuyomo asapita capitalist (iwo anayamba atangobadwa kusintha mkhalidwe). Ndipo injini anali wogwira ntchito ndondomeko, koma mphamvu kwa bourgeoisie lapansi.

The Russian Ufumu sizinali choncho: kuwonjezera boma wogwirizira, amene ankapita ndi anthu ochokera ku gulu chapamwamba bourgeoisie, uko ndi boma zina - Nsonga, anapanga ku gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba. Mphamvu wapawiri analipo mpaka zochitika October.

The chifukwa chachikulu cha ulimi mu February 1917 anali kumangidwa kwa banja lachifumu ndi kupasula autocracy lapansi.

The utasintha October m'chaka cha 1917,

Zitsanzo za ulimi mu Russia walunjika, ndithudi, Great October Socialist utasintha. Iwo ukasintha anatembenuka kalekale osati la Russia komanso padziko lonse. Ndipotu, mmodzi wa zotsatira zake - njira kuti nkhondo imperialist.

Akamanena za ulimi-zisinthe anali awa: izo ankatembenukira Provisional boma, ndi mphamvu mu dziko anadutsa ku Bolsheviks ndi Kumanzere SRs. Ndinakopeka zokhumba anali V. I. Lenin.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali kusokonekera kwa mphamvu zandale: mphamvu wapamwamba wa proletariat wakhala, Dziko linaperekedwa kwa amphawi, ndi mafakitale lolamulidwa ogwira ntchito. Panali chisoni, zomvetsa chisoni zotsatira za zisinthe - nkhondo yapachiweniweni, anagawa anthu a mu ziŵiri ankhanza.

Kayendedwe chosintha ku France

Komanso mu Russian Ufumu, mu France, kayendedwe kwa chiwonongeko cha autocracy munali magawo angapo, dziko anadutsamo kusintha kwake. Total mu mbiri yake panali 4. kayendedwe The inayamba mu 1789 ndi French kuukira boma.

Mu njira zingapo izi anakwanitsa kugonjetsa ufumu mtheradi ndi kukhazikitsa Republic Choyamba. Komabe, ananyamuka chifukwa cha kunachitika zigawenga Jacobin kupondereza sanathe nthaŵi yaitali. mphamvu zake pa zokhumba wina M'chaka cha 1794.

Kusintha July 1830 otchedwa "masiku atatu ulemerero." Iye anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa ufumu kaŵirikaŵiri Louis-Philippe Ine, «Mfumu nzika" ndipo kenako anathetsa bwino osasinthika a mfumu kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo.

Kukwera kwa 1848 inakhazikitsa Republic Chachiwiri. Izo zinachitika chifukwa Louis Philippe Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuchoka ku zikhulupiriro owolowa manja pachiyambi. Iye abdicates. Kukwera kwa 1848 kunapangitsa kugwira chisankho demokalase ku dziko limene anthu (kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito ndi ena "m'munsi" strata wa anthu) anasankha Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, mphwake wa wotchuka Mfumu.

Republic Chachitatu kuti kutha kwamuyaya njira monarchical ya moyo wa anthu, anayamba mu France mu September 1870. Pambuyo mavuto yaitali ulamuliro Napoleon III wasankha ndikupereka (ngati panali nkhondo ndi Prussia). Mutu dziko akugwirizira chisankho mwachangu. Mphamvu anasamutsa alternately ku monarchists kuti Republican, ndi kokha 1871, a malamulo French amakhala mabwalo a Pulezident pamene kazembe yotchuka kusankhidwa mphamvu zaka 3. dziko lino analipo mpaka 1940.