Kusintha Financial Witte: zimayambitsa, zotsatira

kusintha Financial Witte anali mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma cha Russia mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20. Iwo walimbitsa ruble, osati dziko lathu komanso padziko lonse ndi kukhazikitsa kuwombola ake ufulu wa golide. Chifukwa zinali kusakhazikika a dongosolo la ndalama ku Russia pa zaka za m'ma. Komabe, pambuyo "kuchira" wa ruble kutchuka kwa chuma cha dziko ananyamuka zayamba, kuwatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu ndalama ndi inflow likulu lina.

zifukwa

kusintha Financial Witte chifukwa cha kufunika kwa kulenga ndalama khola, amene choncho anafunika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma zinachitika mayanjano okhawo m'dziko lathu. chakuti nthawi nkhani Russia mchikakamizo cha mumaganiza zikuluzikulu za chuma dziko anayamba kuoneka mayanjano lalikulu monopolistic, monga cartels ndi syndicates. Pakuti wotuluka lalikulu ndalama amafuna ndalama chotero, chomwe sangawonongeke phindu likulu ndalama.

Poyamba boma anayesa kuthetsa vuto ndi nkhani otchedwa owonjezera ndalama pepala, koma sizinathandize. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma zinali zoonekeratu kufunika akabweretsa ndalama golide. kusintha Financial Witte ikuchitika pa chitsanzo West European. chakuti muyeso wa golide wakhala anayambitsa m'mayiko ambiri European chifukwa zikamera umodzi dziko msika. Russia zimayesetsa malonda yachilendo, choncho, komanso abwenzi ake, ankafunika dongosolo ofanana ndalama.

cholinga

Boma tsarist anali ndi chidwi kukhala asapita yachilendo chuma cha dziko. The chochitika yamasika lamangika kwambiri chakuti ruble, ngakhale kuti panali ndalama mpandadenga Komabe, silamphamvu kutumikira kuwombola ofanana.

amalonda okhonda kawirikawiri kuwadziwitsa kugulitsa zipembedzo zawo, popeza tilibe ndi golide. kusintha Financial Witte udaikidwa kuti muthane ndi vuto limeneli ndi kuika ruble pa ndime mayunitsi ndalama European. Ichi chinali kukopa ndalama zakunja ndi ndalama mu chuma zoweta.

miyeso kukonzekera

kusintha Financial Witte, tsiku - 1897 zinakonzedwa ndi anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo. Bunge ndi Vyshnegradsky anamvetsa kufooka kwa dongosolo pepala ndalama ndipo anayesa m'malo izo ndi zachitsulo muyezo. Onse ankafuna kuti ruble zoweta amphamvu moti momasuka kusinthitsa osati a siliva, komanso golide. Pofuna kuti izi Aika ntchito kulenga kotunga zitsulo wapatali imeneyi, kuchititsa ndondomeko protectionist, kupanga ngongole zakunja, komanso kuchepetsa imports ndi kukula zogulitsa kunja.

Choncho, ngakhale asanabwere Witte ku positi kwa Nduna ya Zachuma a ndalama national kusinthitsa ndalama wakhala okhazikika. Pofika chaka cha kusintha kwa nkhokwe za golide wa dziko wafika rubles oposa 800 miliyoni. Bank National pansi Minister watsopano anayambitsa ndalama zakunja ndi kuimitsa ntchito zongopeka mu ngongole ruble.

"Kusintha" za cuma

Mabweretsedwe ya kusintha ndalama Witte kunali kupitiriza achilengedwe a malamulo a akalambula wake, amene zochita zawo ndi fixation mwamphamvu ruble ndi kutha kwa chabe. Choncho, zinthu zonse zofunikira munalengedwa oyamba muyeso wa golide. M'bado wa zitsulo wapatali imeneyi, khola kusinthitsa ndalama, bajeti bwino anapanga, chitukuko cha malonda zoweta ndi achilendo, ntchito palokha kwa Utumiki wa Finance chinathandiza "kuchira" wa chuma zoweta ndi zokoma wokonda mu chitukuko mafakitale, amene anafika Russia pa chiyambi cha First World nkhondo.

Policy Zachuma

SERGEY Yulevich Vitte kwa zaka khumi, namgwira positi nthawi imeneyi wapanga ndithu. Zikomo kuti khama lake inapita sitima zomangamanga, zinasaina malonda opindulitsa pangano ndi Germany, anayambitsa vinyo okhawo, amene wakhala gwero zofunika za kubwezeretsa bajeti boma. Chifukwa cha ntchito yakeyi ndalama Gold zolowa kuchuluka zikuchepa kwambiri, pamene chiwerengero cha pepala anagwa, amene kumene, anakweza kutchuka kwa chuma Russian mu dziko msika.

SERGEY Yulevich Vitte akwaniritsa "kusintha" a dongosolo zoweta ndalama kuti anali wodalirika mpaka chiyambi cha nkhondo padziko lonse itayamba mu 1914. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti ambiri a m'nthawi yake anali wosasangalala ndi chiyembekezo chakuti za kufalitsidwa bimetallic mu dziko, monga zambiri za anthu anayamba kumva kuchepa pachimake mayunitsi ndalama kuti anali kungasokoneze mphamvu zawo kugula.

muyeso wa golide

Mfundo imeneyi Kumatanthauza kuzindikira waukulu golide ndalama chofunika ndi kokha makhalidwe ofanana. Ubwino a dongosolo lino kuti kosamugonjera kufufuma. Pa nkhani ya kugwa mu ntchito zachuma zitsulo wapatali imeneyi uyikidwa ku manja a m'nthawi yake, pamene zinthu ali okhazikika, kachiwiri kuika mu makope. kusintha Financial Witte 1897 anali makamaka opindulitsa kuti chitukuko cha malonda zakunja komanso mutsogolo wotuluka malipiro. The oyamba a muyezo golide anali sindinkasangalala ndi nzika ndi olemekezeka, koma ogwira bourgeoisie zoweta analandira kutsogolera atsopano chitukuko zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha katundu wa mbewu, kuchuluka revenues.

masitepe loyamba

kusintha Financial Witte, zimayambitsa zomwe ankayambitsa ndi kusakhazikika a dongosolo la ndalama la theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, anayamba lamuloli mfumu 1895, omwe analola kulipira ndikupeleka wa golide ndalama kapena ngongole zolemba dziko pa ntchito yake. Komabe, zipembedzo watsopano ndalama zinawatengera kwambiri zolowa. Choncho, Bank State waganiza kugula ndalama golide pa mtengo wabwino - 7 rubles 40 kopecks.

The muyeso yamasika anathandiza ziziyenda chiŵerengero pakati pa pepala ndi zitsulo mayunitsi ndalama. Mu 1897, boma anaganiza kuti atchule ndalama zagolidi Russia. Ndalama yachitsulo uyu anayamba kupangidwa kwa 1897. Woyamba wa iwo anali mu zipembedzo za rubles 5 ndi 10. Unagwiranso imperials (15 rubles) ndi poluimperialy, yomwe nkhani theka la phindu. Komabe, zimasonyeza chakuti anthu ambiri adakali adalipo pepala ndalama, monga iwo savuta kupitiriza dzanja.

zotsatira

kusintha Financial Witte, zotsatira zimene zinali pa lonse zabwino kwambiri kwa makampani zoweta linakonzedwa mobisa, monga kutukula ake osati nkhawa pachabe ku mabwalo kauntala bwalo ndi olemekezeka inatera. chakuti oyamba a muyezo golide walimbitsa malo a bourgeoisie Russian Komabe, zinachititsa kuti kugwa mu mitengo ya ulimi. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa initiators ake mwaukali anaukira anthu.

Komabe, Witte Anapempha thandizo la mfumu ndi komiti ndalama yapadera ndipo wapanga chiyanjo chake cha polojekiti. Chifukwa, ruble wakhala okhazikika, ndi malonda zoweta walandira kutsogolera zatsopano chitukuko. Udindo wa chuma cha dziko pa dziko msika kulimbitsa, zimene zinabweretsa makampani Russian ku gawo lina. Chimodzi mwa zovuta za kusintha ndi kuwonjezera ngongole Russia chifukwa cha kukopa likulu achilendo, koma mtengo wa ngongole wagwa.

Komanso, mu njira ya kusintha anali kuwonjezeka mu boma chuma kudzera chilengedwe cha malo golide ndi kupeza umwini ya sitima ku thumba. Amathandiza bwino ndi waluso bajeti mfundo Witte, amene anakana kupulumutsa ndalama za boma. Frugality ichi, iye anakanitsitsa ntchito ndalama, umathandiza kulolerana likulu ku mafakitale. Choncho, kusintha kwa ndalama walimbitsa Russian chuma anamutenga ndi kupita naye kwa mlingo dziko.