Mtheradi ziro kutentha - maselo kayendedwe kuchotsa mfundo

Mawu akuti "kutentha" anaonekera pa nthawi imene asayansi ankaganiza kuti matupi ofunda ndi lopangidwa ndi mankhwala kutchula - caloric - thupi lomwelo, koma ozizira. Ndipo kutentha woyesedwa ngati mtengo lolingana ndi kuchuluka kwa caloric mu thupi. Popeza kutentha kwa matupi aliyense amayezedwa madigiri. Koma kwenikweni ndi muyeso wa mphamvu kayendedwe kusamukira mamolekyulu, ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi, tiyenera amayezedwa joules, malinga mayunitsi SI.

Mawu akuti "mtheradi ziro kutentha" amachokera ku lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Malinga izo kutentha kusintha kwa chimfine ndi thupi otentha zosatheka. Mfundo imeneyi unayamba ndi wasayansi British William Thomson. Iye chifukwa cha kuphunzira mu sayansi, Mfumukazi England anapatsidwa ndi knighthood "Ambuye" ndi akuti "Baron Kelvin." Mu 1848 g. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) akufuna kuti ntchito kutentha lonse, imene poyambira analandira mtheradi ziro kutentha lolingana ozizira malire ndi sikelo magawano anatenga madigiri seshasi. Unit a Kelvin kutentha ndi 1/27316 kachigawo patatu mfundo ya madzi (pafupifupi 0 deg. C), i.e. kutentha pa zimene madzi oyera awasungira kamodzi m'njira zitatu: ayezi, madzi ndi nthunzi. Mtheradi ziro kutentha - ndi osachepera zotheka wotsikitsitsa kutentha pa zomwe zoyenda maselo ndi anaima ndi thunthu la zosatheka kuchotsa mphamvu matenthedwe. Kuyambira pamenepo, lonse kutentha mtheradi dzina lake ndi dzina lake.

kutentha chimaonekera pa mamba osiyana

The zambiri ntchito sikelo kutentha amatchedwa "Celsius lonse." Inamangidwa pa mfundo ziwiri pa gawo kusintha kutentha kwa madzi mu nthunzi ndipo madzi oundana. A. Celsius mu 1742, anaganiza mtunda pakati pa mfundo Buku ogaŵikana intervals 100, ndipo kuwira mfundo ya madzi anatengedwa monga ziro, ndi yozizira koopsa kufika madigiri 100. Koma Swede Linnaeus akufuna kuchita zosiyana. Popeza madzi amaundana pa Zero madigiri Celsius AA. Ngakhale Celsius enieni ayenera wiritsani. Mtheradi ziro Celsius limafanana 273,16 opanda madigiri Celsius.

Pali mamba angapo kutentha: Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Rankine, Newton, Roemer. Iwo ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana Buku ndi mtengo wa magawano. Mwachitsanzo onga mafelemu Reaumur nawonso anamanga pa kuwira ndi yozizira koopsa mfundo ya madzi, koma 80 magawano. Fahrenheit lonse, amene anaonekera mu 1724, ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku okha m'madera ena a dziko, kuphatikiza USA ..; mfundo linati: imodzi - chisakanizo cha kutentha ayezi madzi - ammonia ndi zina - thupi. lonse agawidwa mwambo womaliza maphunziro zana. Zero limafanana 32 Celsius madigiri seshasi. Translation madigiri Fahrenheit akhoza zichitike mogwirizana ndi njira: F = 1,8 C + 32. n'zosiyana Translation: C = (F - 32) / 1.8, kumene: F - madigiri Fahrenheit, C - madigiri Centigrade. Ngati ndinu aulesi kwambiri kuwerenga, kupita ku msonkhano Intaneti kumasulira Celsius kuti Fahrenheit. Mu chimango, lembani nambala madigiri Celsius, tilimbikire 'Ŵerengerani "batani, kusankha" Fahrenheit "ndi atolankhani" Start ". The chifukwa adzaoneka yomweyo.

Rankine lonse dzina lake polemekeza English (kapena m'malo Scottish) sayansi William J .. Rankin, amene anakhala ndi moyo wa Calvin, ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa la zaumisiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Mfundo zake lonse zitatu zofunika: chiyambi - mtheradi ziro yozizira koopsa mfundo ya madzi 491,67 madigiri Rankine ndi madzi owira madigiri 671,67. chiwerengero cha magawano pakati pa madzi ndi kuzizira ndipo kuwira ake ndi Rankin, ndipo ndi 180 Fahrenheit.

Ambiri a mamba awa ali yekha sayansi. Ndipo 40% amene anafunsidwa m'masiku a American ophunzira makalasi maphunziro anena sindikudziwa chomwe mtheradi ziro kutentha.