Reference mfundo - ndichiyani? mfundo kutchulidwa kumangako, yoyeza, malonda kapena sayansi chiyani?

Nthawi zina, sayansi kapena ena mfundo zenizeni ntchito zina zokhudzana ndi wapachiyambi. Izi zinachitika ndi geodesic akuti "Buku mfundo." Ndi tanthauzo la geodesic chimango - chizindikiro kapena Lowani Ufumuyo mfundo inayake pa nthaka ya dziko. Malo ndi kutalika kwa malo izi mopitirira ndi ulemu pa mtengo kukhazikika ankadziwa ndi kukhulupirira.

Angaimbidwenso pamwamba dongosolo

Mu Russia ndi mayiko ena a USSR kale, ziro chizindikiro kwa mlingo Buku pamwamba akuganiza Kronstadt mafunde n'zotsimikizira. m'minda yonse amalembedwa pa mapu m'mayiko amenewa zizindikiro geodetic masamu pa anatengera mu 1977, dongosolo Baltic ya pamwamba. Ku Far East anapezazo anapangidwa pa misanje ya dongosolo Okhotsk. Zowona zake ndi BSV ndi zosakwana mita imodzi.

Dipstick - chikombole ndi magulu kudziwa madzi mu mtsinje kapena thupi zina za madzi. Nthawi zina mpaka kalekale anaika dipstick mfundo Buku ndi mfundo Buku lonse yoyeza ndi asayansi ntchito kuona kusintha mlingo wa madzi m'nyanja, kayendedwe ka formations dziko lapansi pamodzi pamwamba choimirira.

About Kronstadt mafunde n'zotsimikizira ndi kudziwa mlingo wa nyanja

Poyamba, kusintha mlingo Gulf madzi kutalika atalonjeza notches yopingasa pa makoma a ngalande mabeseni, maloko pa pamalo. Pamene 1777 mu Kronstadt iwo unapangidwa bungwe msonkhano wapadera, kuwunika madzi adatengedwa ndi zizindikiro mafunde n'zotsimikizira pa pansi pa kulambalala Ngalande.

Yaitali (kwa 1731), ndi zolemba zonse, kuona kusinthasintha a misinkhu madzi a Gulf wa Finland achitiridwa hydrographer M. F. Reyneke mu 1840 pa mawerengedwe a kuwerenga pafupifupi pa mwala pedestal mmodzi wa milatho ya pa kulambalala njira chosema mzere yopingasa. Mu zaka zochepa izi mlingo Consolidated zitsulo mbale ndi chizindikiro yopingasa, mwakuchitika imodzimodzi ndi ziro kusonyeza kuya n'zotsimikizira.

Posamutsa pa nyanja pa dziko

Kumtunda mlingo chizindikiro lizikhala ndi kukhazikika mwa njanji "St. Petersburg - Oranienbaum" ndi "adzamangidwa" zapamwamba bawuti m'modzi wa nyumba pa Station Baltic. Ndi bawuti izi kuyambira 1892 wakhala yaikulu chizindikiro benchi kwa miyezo onse kukhazikika mu dziko.

Mu 1946, dongosolo logwirizana la ndondomeko ndi okwera kumene kunachitika Soviet Union. Pa mlingo woyambilira wa Nyanja Baltic atenga ndi chizindikiro lolingana ziro pa Kronstadt mafunde n'zotsimikizira. Ichi ndi kulamulira Buku mfundo kukhazikika dongosolo la boma. Mfundo ya mtheradi ziro imachitika kuwerengetsera ukhale ndi kuya kwa matchati zonse zoweta ndi malangizo boti, anatsimikiza kanjira kwa ntchito spacecraft.

Zosiyanasiyana mafelemu mu Geodesy

Reference mfundo nthaka amaimira kumanga mu mawonekedwe a cairns, matabwa kapena machubu zitsulo. Malinga ntchito, pali mitundu ingapo ya mafelemu:

• Zaka zambirimbiri anagawira malinga ndi chiwembu wapadera m'dziko lonselo. Iwo anaika malinga ndi malangizo mu malo anapatsidwa malo a dziko. Iwo ntchito makamaka kwa zolinga za sayansi.
• Lofunika okonzeka mizere kukhazikika pa onse a kalasi loyamba (pakati yakale) ndi mizere kwambiri udindo wa kalasi wachiwiri. Mtunda pakati pa mfundo - 50 80 Km. Agwira mwapadera mu nthaka mu mawonekedwe a zipilala konkire ndi pylons. Popeza datum lofunika akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi zina, iwo anapereka pafupi wamba chimango olondola Kanema ndi deta anasamutsidwa. Izo ntchito monga kuthandiza a kusalaza 3 ndi 4 makalasi.
• benchmarks wamba khoma, thanthwe ndi pansi. Inagona pa mtunda wa pakati pa 3.5 ndi 7 km wina ndi mzake, zizindikiro izi angakhoze kuikidwa pa mizere onse kusalaza.

Kachitidwe ka mfundo inakula wachibadidwe ndi wamba Buku ndi ndipamene GHS - boma geodesic maukonde.

Cartographic zoti zolembera kafukufuku

Pa ulamuliro mapu mfundo ikusonyezedwa ndi zithunzi zapadera. Iwo wolemekezeka motere:

• mfundo zakuthambo;
• chifukwa GGS mfundo;
• mfundo chapakati anauyamba gawo;
• anatchulapo kafukufuku Intaneti;
• mfundo kukhazikika kwa boma geodetic maukonde.

mfundo zonsezi amalembedwa padziko weniweni wa dziko lapansi ndi mapiramidi zitsulo kapena mfundo wamba pakuyenerera. malo Geodetic, kusonyeza malo katunduyo, umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndondomeko pa mapu, molondola ngati n'kotheka, ndi zizindikiro kutalika.

Kodi mfundo kutchulidwa? M'gulu okwana geodetic maukonde phiri n'chodabwitsa, mapiri kapena kuima-yekha nyumba ndi spiers, nsanja kapena steeples tisonyezeni salembedwa kuvomerezedwa ndi zithunzi pamodzi. Zomwe GGS makadi ndi mwaunyinji amasonyeza zonse. mawu zakuthambo, ndi miyeso yolinganizira, amaimira kokha pa nthawi imene ali poyambira m'deralo.

Triangulation (fiducials) katundu, unsembe

Ikani zizindikiro okhazikika amachita ndi boma geodetic kukhazikika maukonde. Lapadziko matanthauzo kuonekera mafelemu mbali cholukanalukana pa mtunda anakonzeratu. Kapangidwe ndi msinkhu wa anthu a zimadalira kopita, zinkachitika m'deralo, nthaka ndi mtunda mfundo wina ndi mzake.

mfundo Geodetic zikhoza kupangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a chitsulo kapena mapiramidi matabwa, miyala kapena zipilala konkire. Chilichonse kutalika dongosolo zimadalira malo kumangako. Aliyense chimango ndi miyendo itatu kapena kuthandiza chingwe chida ndipo akuona.

Mobisa gawo la yomanga imeneyi ukugwira ntchito mu mawonekedwe a anatsanulira konkire maziko monolith. Pa mfundo kwambiri ndilo mfundo pakati, lokhazikika mu chizindikiro pulasitala zitsulo. Bokosili pa yotsirizira akusonyeza nambala ndi mtundu wa katunduyo. Dzina la gulu lomwe anagwira ntchito ndi chaka unsembe akuponyedwa pamodzi ndi chizindikiro (zambiri zachitsulo chosungunula).

Yomanga ndi zizindikiro fiducial

Benchmarks mu mawonekedwe a chimbale opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula, kudzakhala mu mpanda wa nyumba mafakitale, zipata, milatho ndi maziko thandizo. Izi zachitika kuwayang'anira boma malo amodzi a nyumba yaikulu. Pa mudapholiwa chimbale kupatula zolemba ndi zolosera kuti ogwiritsa kusalaza ndodo. Kusankha zolembera kafukufuku akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa:

• thandizo kapena kulamulira, ndiwo maziko kudziwa udindo wa zopangidwa anakhazikitsa, kutenga nkhani ya chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali;
• Wothandiza - zizindikiro izi wapakatikati agwirire HIV ndi mapindikidwe mfundo pakati mudapholiwa Buku;
• Kukula kwa mtundu, zimene atathana mwachindunji pa makoma a nyumba anaona kapena nyumba (ndi malo okhudza malo a chinthu amasintha zolembera izi chingathe pamodzi ndi zimenezo).

mfundo Reference pomanga ndi chitsimikizo cha kudziwika yake ya kuyenda kapena Kusakhazikika kwa chinthu chachikulu, monga damu opangira magetsi kapena nyumba mkulu-nyamuka.

Izi zonse muzifuna

Chifukwa inakula zinthu anasankha dongosolo anapanga boma geodetic maukonde. akalozera Special muli mndandanda wa ndondomeko mwachindunji mfundo zonsezi. Mfundozi ntchito ndi oyeza kuphunzira padziko lathuli, mu zomangamanga ndi geodetic Kafukufuku zosowa zosiyana za chuma cha dziko.

Wapamwamba ndi ntchito kutengera zinthu Zikuvumbulutsidwa kwa atumiki a asilikali, pamodzi ndi mapu mtunda. The Gunners komanso bwino kuti kutchulidwa mfundo - chizindikiro kusonyeza pamwamba, mtundu wa kuthandiza zeroing mu pansi.

mfundo Reference pa Celsius kutentha lonse akuti ndi mtengo wa otentha ndi kuzizira kufika madzi pa mlingo nyanja.

Mu malonda, lingaliro ili ntchito pofotokoza zinthu zina, pamene zinthu zina kungachititse kaya wolephera kapena kupambana.

Health, ogwira

Popeza mfundo kutchulidwa - ndi chithunzi cha limanena, ndi "mbedza", lingaliro ili ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera ambiri a zochita za anthu.

Pofufuza zimayambitsa kupanikizika kawirikawiri anthu, nthawi zonse kukhala m'madera matauni, asayansi apeza kuti chifukwa ndi chosakhala zithunzi chilengedwe. Kufala kwa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi mizere, nyumba wonyong'onya mtundu, ambiri zinthu malo amodzi zoipa zokhudza boma maganizo a munthu. Psychophysiological malangizo sayansi, otchedwa malo zithunzi, limanena kuti alibe maonekedwe a zinthu mapulani kukongoletsa overloads mitsempha chamawonedwe.

Diso tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti kukonza ina mwatsatanetsatane, chinthu zithunzi danga, kotero kuti ubongo anazindikira chilengedwe monga womasuka, pafupi zachilengedwe ndi ogwirizana. Pokhapokha ngati munthu amakhala wosangalala zokongoletsa ndi maganizo.

mfundo Reference mu ntchito - ndi mtundu wa airbags. Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera mphamvu mpikisano wa kumalo a ntchito. Ngati timatenga monga maziko ena njira malonda kapena mmene zinthu zilili pa nthawi panopa, n'zotheka kudziwa miyeso mabuku kumwedwa kusintha zinthu kwa bwino.