Ali ozoni? ndi ozoni ndi chifukwa kwe zoipa ziti?

Ozonosphere - wosanjikiza zinkakhalira lathuli, kusunga gawo ambiri okhwima wa ultraviolet sipekitiramu. Mitundu ina ya dzuwa zimawononga mphamvu pa zamoyo. Nthawi ozonosphere amakhala ochepa thupi, zikuoneka maenje zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Akuwuka kudzera mabowo padziko Lapansi momasuka kudutsa cheza choopsa. Ali ozoni? Kodi tingachite chiyani kuti ateteze? Zokambirana za malowo Dziko Lapansi ndi zachilengedwe khama Nkhani akufuna.

Mpweya umene ndi chiyani?

Mpweya mu dziko iri mu mawonekedwe a ziwiri mankhwala osavuta gaseous, gawo la madzi ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zinthu zina wamba zochita kupanga ndi organic (silicates, carbonates, sulfates, mapuloteni, zimam'patsa mafuta). Mmodzi wa imadziwika allotropic zosintha mchitidwe - losavuta mankhwala mpweya, chilinganizo ake - _2. Chachiwiri Masinthidwe maatomu - O (Mpweya umene). Chilinganizo cha mankhwala - About _3. mamolekyulu Triatomic anapangidwa ndi owonjezera mphamvu Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha mphezi kukha m'chilengedwe. Kenako, tidzapeza zimene Mpweya umene wosanjikiza a Dziko Lapansi, chifukwa wochindikala nthawi zonse zinasintha.

Mpweya umene m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa - mpweya buluu ndi lakuthwa, kukoma yeniyeni. Kulemera maselo a mankhwala ndi 48 (kuyerekezera - Mr _(Air) = _29.). Fungo la Mpweya umene ndi amatikumbutsa chiphaliwali, chifukwa ichi chodabwitsa O zachilengedwe ₃ mamolekyulu mu mlengalenga amakhala akuluakulu. Ndende ukuwonjezeka osati kumene ozoni, komanso pafupi ndi padziko lapansi. Ndi mankhwala yogwira mankhwala ndi poizoni kuti zamoyo, koma mofulumira dissociates (yopuma). Mu Laboratories ndi makampani ndi zipangizo wapadera - Mpweya umene magudumu - chifukwa kudutsa kukha magetsi kudzera mpweya kapena mpweya.

Kodi ozoni?

Mamolekyulu O ₃ ndi mankhwala mkulu ndi ntchito kwachilengedwenso. Inalowa atomu lachitatu mpweya diatomic limodzi ndi kuchuluka yosungirako mphamvu pawiri ndi Kusakhazikika. Mpweya umene msanga amaola mu mpweya maselo ndi tinthu ochita oxidizes mwamphamvu zinthu zina ndi kupha tizilombo. Koma ambiri a nkhani zokhudzana ndi kununkhiza pawiri ikukhudzana bwanji ndi kudzikundikira wake mu mlengalenga pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. ndi ozoni ndi chifukwa kwe zoipa ziti?

Mwachindunji padziko lapansili ndi nthawi inayake kuchuluka kwa maselo O _3, koma ndi okwera a kumawonjezera ndende pawiri. Mapangidwe mankhwala akupezeka stratosphere chifukwa cha cheza ultraviolet dzuwa, atanyamula chakudya lalikulu mphamvu.

ozonosphere

Pali dera danga pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, pamene Mpweya umene ali wamkulu kuposa pamwamba pa madzi. Koma ambiri, mthunzi ongokhala mamolekyulu wa O ₃ - wochepa thupi discontinuous. Ali ozoni, kapena ozonosphere kwa dziko lathu? Inconstancy makulidwe a nthawi chophimba losakhutitsa ofufuza.

The mpweya nthawi zonse azipereka kuchuluka kwa Mpweya umene, pali miyambo ina yofanana kwambiri ndende yake deta ndi okwera. Tiyeni tione nkhani zimenezi pambuyo tikupeza Malo chishango O ₃ mamolekyulu.

Ali ozoni?

A kuwonjezeka Amowabu la tinthu Mpweya umene umayamba pa mtunda wa 10 Km ndipo amalimbikira 50 Km pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Koma kuchuluka kwa thunthu, limene likupezeka troposphere wa - kuti si nsalu yotchinga. Monga mtunda padziko lapansi kumawonjezera Mpweya umene osalimba. Mfundo pazipita zimachitika stratosphere kuderali ake pa msinkhu wa 20 25 Km. Apa mamolekyulu O ₃ zili nthawi 10 kuposa dziko lapansili.

Koma chifukwa makulidwe kukhulupirika kwa wosanjikiza Mpweya umene ndi nkhawa asayansi ndi anthu wamba? Boom pa boma la chikopa anathyola m'zaka lomaliza. Ofufuza apeza kuti ozoni pa Antarctica wakhala n'kakang'ono. Chifukwa chachikulu chodabwitsa ndi wakhazikitsidwa - maselo dissociation O _3. chiwonongeko chifukwa cha zotsatira ophatikizana a zinthu zingapo, otsogolera pakati pa iwo anthropogenic kugwirizana ndi zochita za anthu.

Mpweya umene dzenje

Mu zaka 30-40 otsiriza, asayansi taonera maonekedwe a mabowo yotchinga zoteteza pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Modetsa nkhawa ndi asayansi otchedwa malipoti kuti ozoni - chishango a Dziko Lapansi - zimalimbikitsa kwambiri. media onse m'ma 1980s, mabuku uthenga pa "dzenje" pa Antarctica. Akatswiri anaona kuti kusiyana mu wosanjikiza Mpweya umene kumawonjezera m'chaka. Chifukwa chachikulu kuwononga kukula anali kudziŵika zipangizo yokumba ndi kupanga - chlorofluorocarbons. Gulu ambiri mankhwala awa - freon kapena refrigerant unit. Pali oposa 40 zinthu cha gulu ili. Iwo amabwera kuchokera ku malo ambiri, chifukwa ntchito monga processing chakudya, mankhwala, mafuta onunkhira mafakitale ena.

The zikuchokera freons, kupatula mpweya ndi wa hydrogen, monga halogeno: fluoro, chloro, bromo zina. A ambiri zinthu monga refrigerants ntchito refrigerators, conditioners mpweya. Paokha, freons khola, koma pa kutentha ndi pamaso pa nthumwi yogwira mankhwala anatani makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Mwa mankhwala anachita kungakhale mankhwala amene ali poizoni kuti zamoyo.

CFCs ndi chishango ozoni

Chlorofluorocarbons O3 tinthu kucheza ndi kuwononga wosanjikiza zoteteza pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Choyamba kupatulira ozoni anatengera kwa fluctuation zachilengedwe a makulidwe, kuti zimachitika nthawi zonse. Koma pa nthawi dzenje, monga "dzenje" pa Antarctica, kuti adawonekera kudutsa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. chiwerengero cha ming'alu ngati chawonjezeka kuyambira kuonerera choyamba, koma kukula kwake ndi kakang'ono kuposa pa Africa achisanu.

Poyamba, asayansi akukayikira kuti CFCs chifukwa Mpweya umene wakuta ndondomeko. Awa ndi mankhwala ndi thupi mkulu maselo. Pamene kuwafika stratosphere kumene ozoni, ngati chimalemera kwambiri kuposa mpweya, asafe ndi mpweya? Kuzipenya wa akukwera mafunde mu mlengalenga pa thunderstorms, ndipo zatsopano asonyeza kuti n'zotheka malowedwe a particles osiyana ndi mpweya ndi kutalika kwa 10-20 kukafika pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, pamene pali malire a troposphere ndi stratosphere.

The zosiyanasiyana owononga Mpweya umene ndi

Zoni Mpweya umene chophimba walandiranso oxides asafe chifukwa cha kuyaka mu injini ndipo supersonic ndege za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya spacecraft. Yothandizana mndandanda zinthu zomwe apasuke mpweya wa ozoni ya mpweya lapansi chiphala. Nthawi zina otaya fumbi gaseous ndi kufika msinkhu wa makilomita 10-15 ndi kufalikira kwa masauzande makilomita.

Chifunga pa malo lalikulu mafakitale ndi matauni aakulu komanso kumathandiza kuti dissociation wa mamolekyulu mu O ₃ mlengalenga. chifukwa kuwonjezera kukula kwa dzenje Mpweya umene ali Komanso ankaona kuonjezera ndende otchedwa mpweya woipa mu mlengalenga, kumene ozoni. Choncho, lonse zachilengedwe vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo n'zogwirizana ndi nkhani za kuwonongedwa kwa Mpweya umene. chakuti mpweya woipa muli zinthu zomwe anatani ndi O ₃ mamolekyulu. The Mpweya umene dissociates mpweya amachititsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu zina.

Chiopsezo imfa ya chishango ozoni

Anali kumeneko mipata mu ozonosphere mumlengalenga, maonekedwe a CFCs ndi zina zoipitsa mumlengalenga? Nkhanizi ndi maganizo, koma mapeto ali yemweyo: ozoni ya mpweya ayenera kuphunzira ndi kusunga ku chiwonongeko. lathuli popanda nsalu yotchinga maselo O ₃ wotaya chitetezo chilichonse ndi kunyezimira nkhanza dziko la kutalika winawake, odzipereka yogwira wosanjikiza mankhwala. Ngati Mpweya umene chishango woonda kapena kusowa, njira zoyambirira za moyo padziko lapansi ali pangozi. Kugwiritsa ultraviolet poizoniyu kumaonjezera ngozi ya masinthidwe maselo a zinthu zamoyo.

Kuteteza ozoni

Kusowa kwa deta za makulidwe chishango m'nthawi zakale komanso mileniamu complicates amaneneratu. Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani ngati ozonosphere zinawonongekeratu? A zaka zochepa madokotala ataona kuchuluka kwa anthu anakhudzidwa ndi khansa ya pakhungu. Ichi ndi amodzi mwa matenda, zomwe zimachititsa kwambiri walitsa ultraviolet.

Mu 1987, chiwerengero cha mayiko anagwirizana ndi zimene Protocol Montreal, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa ndi chiletso kotheratu yopanga chlorofluorocarbons. Icho chinali chimodzi cha miyeso amene angatithandize kupulumutsa ozoni chabe - Dziko Lapansi ultraviolet chishango. Koma CFCs akadali amapangidwa ndi makampani ndi kulowa m'mlengalenga. Komabe, kugwilizana ndi Protocol Montreal zinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa mabowo ozoni.

Kodi aliyense angathe kuchita kuti adzipulumutse ozoni?

Ofufuza amasonyeza kuti ayambe wodzala ndi pomuteteza akadali zaka zochepa. Izi zili choncho ngati mabasi anawononga chiwawa, kuchititsa kwambiri kukayikira. Wowonjezera kutentha mpweya kupitiriza kuyenda mu mlengalenga, opangidwa imalankhula zida ndi zina magalimoto danga, kuchuluka zombo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti asayansi ali koma kukhala njira mothandiza Mpweya umene chishango ku chiwonongeko.

Pa mlingo zoweta, aliyense akhoza zachititsanso. Mpweya umene zochepa adzakhala mopanda ulemu ngati mpweya zotsukira adzakhala yesa fumbi, mwaye poizoni galimoto exhausts. Kuteteza ozoni ayenera kukhala wochepa thupi kusiya kuyatsa zinyalala, kukhazikitsa mu akanagwiritsa ntchito otetezeka. Magalimoto muyenera kusinthana kwa kwambiri utsi wochezeka, kulikonse koma osiyanasiyana mphamvu.