Lamarck: yonena ndiponso achita. Zamoyo zinachita kusintha ndi zolakwa zake

Ndi mawu oti "chisinthiko" ndi amaonera dzina la Charles Darwin. Komabe, funso chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi mukusautsika anzeru mu masiku amakedzana. Limodzi la asayansi woyamba amene ayesa liyenera kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha, anali Lamarck. Wambiri wasayansi lili zina zambiri zoona chidwi. Zambiri zokhudza nkhani imeneyi, tidzakambirana m'nkhani.

Zhan Lamark: yonena

Mu 1744-mamita mu mzinda Bazante anabadwa Zhan Lamark. banja lake, ngakhale, ndi kubanja wolemekezeka apamwamba, kunali koperewera. Posowa makolo ndalama kutumiza Mwana wake kuphunzira pa Akatolika College. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti iye adzakhala wansembe. Palibe amaganiziridwa zimene anali kukhala Lamarck.

Wambiri wasayansi tsogolo anatembenuka m'njira ina pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake. Iye atasiya koleji nalowa asilikali. Kale pa 23, anakhala mkulu. Mu 1772, atachoka utumiki, Zhan Batist Lamark akulowa Parisian sukulu zachipatala. Mu Paris, waphunzirazo zomera, ndi nthawi ndi zinyama.

Khama ndi luso, iye anatha maganizo awo mumagulu maphunziro. Kudziwika kumabweretsa atatu a buku lake mndandanda wa gulu French zomera. Kenako akugwira ntchito pa mndandanda wa zomera kuti Royal Botanic Gardens. Mu 1783 anakhala membala wa Paris Academy of Sciences.

Zachitika pa zamoyo

Pambuyo kutulutsidwa kwa buku lakuti "French Flora" mu 1778 ndi Zhan Batist anakhala mmodzi wa asayansi kwambiri a botanists nthawi yake. Buku munali wapadera dichotomous tanthauzo pakusaka kosavuta kwa zomera zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi yathu.

Kale mwachilungamo okhwima kusintha zaka mbiri wasayansi sayansi dera. Iye anakhala katswiri pa Museum of Natural History, pamene adayamba kuphunzitsa zinyama. Panthawi imeneyi, Lamarck amasamalirira wapadera kwa yaying'ono-zamoyo, tizilombo ndi mphutsi.

Amafufuza chikhalidwe chawo, iye anayamba akuti "invertebrates" ndi ukugawa iwo mu makalasi khumi, ngakhale kuti achira awiri okha. Mu 1822 anafalitsa buku chiwiri cha buku lake "Natural History of Invertebrates", limene akufotokoza kuzipenya ake onse.

Kumene, zilibe thamo onse, zosiyana Lamarck. Wambiri ya zachilengedwe, katswiri ndipo katswiri ali ochepa zinthu zabwino. Pamodzi ndi German kafukufuku Gottfried Treviranus iye anayambitsanso tanthauzo zamakono za "zamoyo" mawu akuti. Lamarck komanso amalenga mabuku za nyengo ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, hydrogeology ndi ntchito sadziwa munthu.

Zoology Philosophy

ntchito yake yaikulu, "The Philosophy wa Zoology", Zhan Batist Lamark mabuku mu 1809. Mmenemo wasayansi ndi coherent ndi ndondomeko chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo wa zamoyo. Malinga ndi iye, moyo wosazindikira unachokera ku zinthu zochita kupanga, kenako chiyambi cha chitukuko mofulumira.

Iye anakana kukhalirira kwa mitundu, popeza aliyense wa iwo zimasintha. Malinga ndi iye, chamoyo chilichonse akukula ku zocholoŵana, akudutsa! "Magawo" za chisinthiko ciliates nyama. Nayenso pakati pa siteji anapanga zosiyana ndi nthambi, amene amaoneka ngati genera ndi mitundu.

Mu chiphunzitso chake, anasankha malamulo zofunikira ziwiri:

• Chilamulo cha zolimbitsa thupi ndi neuprazhneniya.
• Lamulo la cholowa cha makhalidwe zinazake.

Lamarck ankakhulupirira kuti zomera ndi nyama zasintha mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe. Kuti azolowere nyengo, nthaka, njira zakudya ndi zina zotero. D. Pakukhala zamoyo kapena wokhulupirira (ntchito kapena ayi pogwiritsa) zina ziwalo. Pa ndondomekoyi akuluakulu angathe kusintha maonekedwe ndi ntchito, ndi kusintha zimafalitsidwa kwa ana. Mwachitsanzo, atchula giraffe ndi khosi elongation, ndi kupeza timadontho-timadontho khungu.

Zolakwa chiphunzitso

maganizo Lamarck anaonetsetsa milandu yambiri ndi mawu osokoneza. kopanda wake wa masiyanidwe a mitundu ndi vuto lawo pang'onopang'ono imayendetsedwa ndi sayansi lero. Iye anali gawo la ufulu, popanga ndi yazamalamulo thupi.

Komabe, pali mfundo olakwika zamoyo zinachita kusintha Lamarck. Asayansi amakono anatsutsa zakuti kuti moyo akupitiriza samozarozhdatsya chilengedwe zochita kupanga. Iye analakwitsa kudziwa zimayambitsa ndi mfundo za cholowa. Choncho, Lamarck ankakhulupirira kuti moyo yonse asintha chifukwa cha kulakalaka titadziwa ungwiro ndipo anapeza makhalidwe ndithu anatengera mbewu.

Zatsopano Avgusta Veysmana akutsutsa izo. Scientific mbewa michira kudula ndipo anati iwo mibadwo 20. Sizinali bwanji ana. Pambuyo pake, anazindikira kuti khalidwe latsopano tinatengera kokha pamene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa maselo.