Wasayansi Faraday: yonena, kutsegula

English sayansi Maykl Faradey, amene anakulira m'banja losauka, anali mmodzi wa asayansi kwambiri pa mbiri ya anthu. Robert kwambiri apangidwa pa nthawi imene sayansi kwambiri a anthu anabadwa mu mabanja mwayi. Pomulemekeza, dzina lake unit wa capacitance - farad.

Faraday (sayansi): yochepa yonena

Maykl Faradey anabadwa pa September 22, 1791 London, likulu UK. Iye anali mwana wachitatu wa Yakobo, ndi Margaret Faraday. Bambo ake anali wosula, amene anali amadwaladwala. Asanalowe m'banja, mayi wake ntchito ya m'nyumba. Banja ankakhala umphawi.

zaka 13 Michael m'sukuluyi kumene iye anaphunzira maphunziro ake oyambirira. Pofuna kuthandiza banja, anayamba kugwira ntchito mu mabuku mtumiki. Changu mnyamata chidwi bwana wake. Patatha chaka chimodzi analimbikitsidwa ndi kuphunzira yopanga mabuku.

Kumanga ndi sayansi

Maykl Faradey ankafuna kudziwa zambiri za dziko; izo si kubwezeretsa mabuku. Pambuyo ntchito ankakhulupirira tsiku anakhala ufulu nthawi mabuku ake onse kuwerenga umene zapiringizana.

Pang'onopang'ono anapeza kuti anachita chidwi mu sayansi. Iye ankakonda mabuku awiri:

• "Encyclopedia Britannica" - gwero la nzeru zake za magetsi ndi zinthu zina zambiri.
• "Kukambirana pa Chemistry" - 600 masamba zimapangidwira wa mu Kufikika Nkhani olemba Dzheyn Marse.

Iye anali chidwi kuti anayamba kucheza mbali ya zasungidwa awo wovutika mankhwala ndi zipangizo kuti atsimikizire choonadi zimene kuwerenga.

Anatsegula adziŵa sayansi, anamva kuti wasayansi wotchuka Dzhon Tatum anali ndikupatsani nkhani za anthu nzeru achilengedwe (sayansi). Kupita ku nkhani alipire ndalama ya Kwacha chimodzi - kwambiri chifukwa Michael Faraday. mchimwene wake, wosula, chidwi ndi kudzipereka kukula kwa sayansi, m'bale wake anamupatsa iye ndalama zofunikira.

Ankadziwa Hamfri Devi

Faraday anachita chinthu china kwa sayansi pamene William Dance, yamabuku kasitomala anafunsa Michael ngati iye anali kufunitsitsa kupeza matikiti ku nkhani pa Royal Institution.

Lecturer, Sir Hamfri Devi, anali mmodzi wa asayansi ambiri otchuka pa dziko la nthawi. Faraday analumpha pa mpata ndipo anapita nkhani anayi pa limodzi la magazini atsopano a umagwirira - kuona acidity. Mkuona zatsopano, imene inali kuchitidwa pa nkhani Davy a.

Zinali dziko limene ankapitako. Faraday manotsi, ndipo anachita zowonjezera ambiri mu zolemba kuti anapanga masamba 300 pamanja, umene anapotoza ndi Davy anatumiza chizindikiro woyamikira.

Panthawi imeneyi ku bwalo la kuseri kwa yamabuku ndi, Michael anayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano chipangizo kwambiri kuti alenge batire magetsi ndalama mkuwa ndi mbale nthaka olekanitsidwa ndi pepala chonyowa mchere. Iye wagwiritsa ntchito kwa kuwononga zinthu mankhwala, monga mankhwala enaake a sulphate. M'munda umenewu zimapangidwira Hamfri Devi anali mpainiya.

Mu October 1812 anamaliza maphunziro Faraday, ndipo anayamba ntchito yopanga mabuku bwana wina, umene anapeza Sizabwino.

Sizikanakhala kukhala mdalitso yodzibisa

Ndipo panali wosangalatsa chifukwa Faraday. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku analephera Hamfri Devi anavulazidwa: zimatikhudza motani mongoyembekezera luso lake kulemba. Michael anatha masiku ochepa kusunga malipoti kwa Davy, kuganiza buku, amene anatumizidwa.

Pamene yochepa ntchito inatha wothandizira, wasayansi Faraday anatumiza cholemba kumupempha kuti ganyu ndi wothandizira. Posakhalitsa, mmodzi wa amaphunzitsidwa Davy maganizo chifukwa cha makhalidwe, ndi Humphrey anafunsa Michael, osati monga ngati iye akanati atenge mpando okhala.

Ngati iye ankafuna ntchito pa Royal Institution limodzi la asayansi otchuka kwambiri mu dziko? Ilo linali funso losafuna.

Ntchito pa Institute Royal

Faraday anatenga ofesi March 1, 1813, pa msinkhu wa zaka 21.

Iye bwino kulipira allocated kukhala mu chipinda chapamwamba wa Institute Royal. Michael anasangalala kwambiri, ndipo ubwenzi wake ndi bungwe silidzandionanso udzasokonezedwa kwa zaka 54, ndipo panthawiyi iye anakwanitsa kukhala katswiri wa zasayansi.

ntchito Faraday anali kukonzekera zipangizo pochita kafukufuku komanso nkhani pa Royal Institution. Poyamba, wachita ndi asafe trichloride, ndi zachiwawa kuti maganizo Davy. Michael, pamene kuphulika lotsatira mwachidule anakomoka, ndipo pamene Humphrey anavulala kachiwiri, zatsopano ndi pawiri ino atalekeka.

Patapita miyezi 7 ntchito pa Royal Institution Davy Faraday iye anatenga pa ulendo wa ku Ulaya, unakhala kwa miyezi 18. Panthawi imeneyi, Michael anatha kukumana ophunzira opambana monga Andre-Marie Ampere ku Paris ndi Alessandro Volta ku Milan. M'lingaliro Ulendowu alowa m'malo madigirii ake yunivesite - Faraday anaphunzira kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyi.

Ambiri ulendo Komabe, iye sanali wosangalala, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa kafukufuku ndi ntchito yaulembi anali kutumikira Davy ndi mkazi wake. Mkazi wa sayansi ya sankaona wofanana ndi Faraday chifukwa cha chiyambi chake.

Atabwerera ku London, zonse zinagwa malo. Royal Institute adapitiriza Michael mgwirizano ndi kuchuluka mphoto yake. Davy anayamba kutchula atithandize zokhudza sayansi.

Mu 1816, ndili ndi zaka 24, Faraday anapereka nkhani yake yoyamba za katundu wa nkhaniyi. Iwo anachitikira City nthanthi Society. Ndiye "Quarterly Magazini ya sayansi yotchedwa", anafalitsa pepala lake loyamba sayansi pa kusanthula hydroxide calcium.

Mu 1821, pa msinkhu wa zaka 29 Faraday analimbikitsidwa kuti mutu wa munda ndi zasayansi ya Institute Royal. Mu chaka chomwecho anakwatira Sarah Barnard. Michael ndi mkazi wake ankakhala mu anayambitsa yaikulu ya zaka 46 lotsatira, si mu chapamwamba ndipo mu chipinda omasuka chimene chinaperekedwa kamodzi wotanganidwa ndi Hamfri Devi.

Mu 1824 yonena za Faraday (sayansi) zinali zodzaza ndi chisankho wake monga membala wa Royal Society. Zinali kuzindikira mfundo yakuti iye anali wophunzira zabwino.

Mu 1825 Faraday sayansi anakhala mkulu wa zasayansi.

Mu 1833 iye anakhala katswiri Fuller zimapangidwira pa Royal Institution la Great Britain. Faraday, udindo unachitikira mpaka imfa yake.

Mu 1848 ndi 1858, anauzidwa kuti mutu wa Royal Society, koma iye anakana.

sayansi

Kufotokoza atulukira Faraday mu sayansi, amafuna buku kuposa wina. Osati mwangozi Albert Eynshteyn mu ofesi ake anasunga zithunzi atatu okha asayansi: Isaaka Nyutona, James Maxwell ndi Michael Faraday.

Oddly zokwanira, ngakhale pa moyo wa sayansi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "sayansi", iye anachita izo, ndipo iye nthawizonse kutchedwa yekha nzeru za anthu. Faraday anali munthu, amene anapita kupezedwa mwa zatsopano, ndipo ankadziwika kuti iye anali amasiya malingaliro amene adadza kuyamika yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale sayansi.

Ngati iye ankaganiza kuti lingaliro anali sikuthandiza, anapitiriza kuyetsa, ngakhale kuti panali zovuta zambiri, iye sanabadwe anafika sikhala kapena si koma kukhulupirira kuti amayi Nature watsimikizira iye zolakwika, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri.

Choncho Faraday anapeza mu sayansi? Nawa ena mwa ntchito zake zambiri zabwino.

1821: Kupezeka kwa kasinthasintha mu atomu

Zinali nyengo yachisanu ikupita n'zimene zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha galimoto magetsi. Oyamba inachokera pa chiphunzitso cha maginito katundu Oersted a mawaya kudzera zomwe magetsi utuluke panopa.

1823: mpweya liquefaction ndi refrigeration

Mu 1802, Dzhon Dalton adafotokoza kuti mpweya onse akhoza liquefied pa otsika kutentha kapena mavuto mkulu. Wasayansi Faraday anatsimikizira izo empirically. Choyamba anatembenuka chlorine ndi amoniya mu madzi.

Phula amoniya akali chidwi chakuti, monga ananenera Maykl Faradey, zakuthambo evaporation ake amachititsa kuzirala. Mfundo yozizira kudzera evaporation yokumba kale poyera anasonyeza mwa William Cullen Edinburgh 1756 mu Scientific ndi mpope adatchithisira kuthamanga mu botolo ndi efa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti madziwo ake mofulumira. Unachititsa kuzirala, ndi kunja kwa botolo ku chinyezi mumlengalenga anapanga ayezi.

Kufunika kwa kutseguka kwa Faraday anali kuti mapampu makina angathe kutembenuza mpweya kwa madzi firiji. Ndiye asanduke nthunzi ya madzi, yozizira pozungulira, ndi mafuta opangidwa akhoza amatengedwa ndi wothinikizidwa ndi mpope mu madzi kachiwiri, kubwereza mkombero. Umu ndi mmene refrigerators zamakono m'firiji akuthamanga.

Mu 1862 pa chionetsero World mu London, Ferdinand Carré anasonyeza woyamba makina malonda a dzikoli kupanga ayezi. Mu makina monga yozizira madzi amoniya ntchito, ndipo zinabala ayezi pa mlingo wa makilogalamu 200 pa ola limodzi.

1825: Kupezeka kwa benzene

Mbiri yakale, kuti benzene ndi limodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimapangidwira, mu zenizeni, mwachitsanzo ntchito kulenga zinthu zina zatsopano, ndipo ongolankhula - .. Pakuti kumvetsa mankhwala muzikondana. Scientist anapeza benzene mu wochuluka zotsalira mpweya kupanga kuunikira mu London.

1831: Faraday lamulo, pakubwezeretsa, sayansi ya kupatsidwa ulemu mu atomu

Uwu unali anapeza zofunika kwambiri tsogolo la sayansi. Faraday M'chilamulo (Physics) imafotokoza kuti alternating maginito induces ndi magetsi mu dera, ndipo kwaiye electromotive mphamvu ndi mwachindunji njila kwa mlingo wa kusintha kwa kamwazi maginito. Mmodzi wa zolemba zake zotheka | E | = | dΦ / Deuteronomo | kumene E - EMF ndi F - kamwazi.

Mwachitsanzo, kuyendera waya horseshoe maginito imatulutsa panopa magetsi, kuyambira kayendedwe ka maginito amachititsa maginito alternating kumunda. Izi zisanachitike ndiyekhayo mphamvu anali batire. Maykl Faradey, kutsegula zimene asayansi asonyeza kuti gululi zikhoza kusinthidwa mu magetsi, kapena ku mawu zambiri sayansi, mphamvu kayendedwe zikhoza kusinthidwa mu mphamvu ya magetsi, motero atamva chakuti ambiri mwa mphamvu mu nyumba zathu lero anapangira izi mfundo.

Kasinthasintha (kayendedwe mphamvu) ndiye n'kukhala magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mu atomu kupatsidwa ulemu. kasinthasintha A, nayenso analandira ndi zochita za paipi chopangira mphamvu nthunzi kwaiye mphamvu ya malasha, gasi kapena ma atomu, kapena kuthamanga madzi opangira magetsi kapena mpweya kuthamanga mu zomera mphepo mphamvu.

1834: malamulo a electrolysis

Faraday sayansi anapanga zopereka yaikulu ya zachilengedwe ndi sayansi yatsopano ya electrochemistry. Limafotokoza zimene zikuchitika pa malire a chigawo elekitirodi ndi nkhani ionized. Ndiyamika Electrochemistry ife ntchito mabatire lifiyamu-ion ndi batire, kudyetsa zamakono yam'manja. malamulo Faraday n'zofunika kwa kamvedwe kathu ka zochita elekitirodi.

1836: Kutulukira ndi lotetezeka m'chipinda

Wasayansi Faraday anapeza kuti ndi wochititsa magetsi wapatsidwa, aliyense mlandu owonjezera amasonkhana mbali kunja kwake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mkati chipinda kapena khola zopangidwa kuchokera zitsulo a, an yaulere sizimawoneka. Mwachitsanzo, munthu atavala suti Faraday, T. E. Ndi akalowa zitsulo, si poyera kwa magetsi kunja. Kuwonjezera kuteteza anthu Faraday khola angagwiritsidwe ntchito zatsopano magetsi kapena electrochemical tcheru kusokonezedwa kunja. Ndisanabadwe chipinda akhoza kutsegula mabacteria akufa kwa mauthenga pafoni.

1845: kutsegula kwa Faraday zotsatira - magneto-kuwala zotsatira

kuyesera china chofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya sayansi Zinali zosangalatsa kwa nthawi yoyamba anasonyeza kugwirizana magetsi ndi kuwala, umene 1864 wakhala kwathunthu anafotokozedwa ndi maikwezhoni a James kalaliki Maxwell. Wasayansi Faraday anapeza kuti kuwala ndi funde mu atomu a "Pamene mizati zosiyana maginito ali kumbali imodzi, liri ndi mphamvu pa kuwala magetsi, zomwe Choncho amakhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa mphamvu ya maginito ndi kuwala ...

1845 anapeza diamagnetism monga katundu wa nkhani zonse

Anthu ambiri amadziŵa ferromagnetism mu chitsanzo cha maginito ochiritsira. Faraday (sayansi) anapeza kuti zinthu zonse diamagnetic - ambiri a iwo pang'ono, koma palinso amphamvu. Diamagnetism popenyana ndi malangizo a ntchito maginito. Mwachitsanzo, mukaika kumpoto ndi zinthu mwamphamvu diamagnetic, kudzakhala chiyambi. Diamagnetism mu zipangizo anachititsa ndi maginito amphamvu kwambiri masiku ano ntchito kukwaniritsa levitation. Ngakhale zamoyo monga achule, ndi diamagnetic ndipo akhoza fungatirani m'munda amphamvu maginito.

kumapeto

Maykl Faradey, ndi wasayansi amene atulukira zinasinthiratu sayansi, anamwalira pa August 25, 1867 ku London pa zaka 75. mkazi wake Sarah moyo kwa nthawi yaitali. Banjalo analibe ana. Pa moyo wake anali Mkhristu wodzipereka ndi a yaing'ono Protestant mpatuko sandemaniantsev.

Pa moyo Faraday anandiitana ku maliro mu Westminster Abbey pamodzi ndi mafumu ndi mfumukazi za Great Britain ndi asayansi ngati Isaac Newton. Iye wakana kwa kwambiri modzichepetsa mwambo. manda ake, chomwenso ndi m'manda Sarah, angapezeke pa Highgate manda ku London.