Levin Kurt: yonena, photos, zikayenda bwino, zatsopano. munda chiphunzitso cha Kurt Lewin mwachidule

Kurt Lewin - wowerenga maganizo, nkhani moyo ndi kukhala ndi moyo umene kulandira chithandizo chapadera. Uyu ndi munthu amene anaika moyo wake mu chinachake kuti dziko ndi wokoma pang'ono, zonse unagona zimene zimachitika magulu osiyana siyana. Iye anali zaumunthu woona.

Kurt Lewin: yonena

zamaganizo tsogolo anabadwa September 2, 1890 mu Mogilno, yomwe inali pa malire a chigawo Prussian wa Posen (tsopano ndi dera la Poland). Pobadwa, mnyamata wina dzina lake Tsadek. Koma dzina limeneli Prussia sichinawakomere. Pachifukwa ichi, mnyamatayo anapatsidwa dzina chachiwiri - Kurt.

Mnyamata ankadabwa ndikuyembekeza tsogolo m'chigawo lakutali. Komabe, mu 1905 banja lake anachoka mumzinda wakwawo ndipo anasamukira ku Berlin. Kurt analowa Medical la Yunivesite ya Freiburg, anapezeka nkhani mu zamoyo pa yunivesite ya Munich.

ntchito sayansi

Ndi mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Lewin anali msilikali wa dziko la German. Pali anapanga anapeza wake woyamba. Asayansi tsogolo aona kuti kuzindikira la dziko amadalira pa gulu ndi chilengedwe, ndi chimene amagwirizana. Choncho, kafukufuku ndi chitsanzo mukudziwa kuti asilikali amaonedwa zauve dzenje abwino pogona, ndi ngakhale ukuyenda udzu - m'dera la imfa. Choncho, Levin anatha kutsimikizira kuti maganizo a asilikali a dziko ndi osiyana maganizo a anthu yamtendere. Komanso, kusintha chikumbumtima zimachitika anthu onse ammudzi.

Analandira pamene akutumikira anavulala Levin Kurt anali demobilized, amene chimamulimbikitsa kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pa nkhani yolembedwa wake pa University of Berlin.

Levin poyamba odzipereka mu kuwerenga maganizo khalidwe. Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, ena mwa kafukufuku wake anasintha malangizo chawo kwa zamaganizo Gestalt. Izi anapereka mwayi ntchito ndi owayimilira ngati sukulu ili, monga Maks Vertgeymer ndi Wolfgang Köhler.

Mu 1933, Levin Kurt anatumizidwa ku England, kumene posachedwapa anasamukira ku United States. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali msonkhano ndi wasayansi Eric Trist, amene anachita chidwi ndi kafukufuku wa Kurt nthawi ya utumiki wake wa asilikali.

Izi zisanachitike, Levin kwa miyezi sikisi anatumikira monga pulofesa Stanford, anapita ku University Cornell. Posachedwa Curt anasankhidwa mkulu wa Center kwa Gulu Mphamvu pa Institute of Technology Massachusetts.

1946 anayamba Levina amapha. Iye anafunsidwa kupeza njira imene Angakugonjetseni chipembedzo ndi mitundu tsankho. Kurt anatenga kuyesera, amene anadzakhala lotchedwa "mankhwala gulu." zikayenda amenewa kukhala chinthu chofunika m'munsi mwa National Training Laboratory.

Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Kurt anaphunzira konzanso maganizo kale anali akaidi a m'misasa ya ukaidi.

Kurt Lewin anafa February 12, 1947 Massachusetts. Iye anakwirira wasayansi wotchuka kwawo. imfa yake zinachitika mu liwiro pambuyo kutsegula kwa pakati pa retraining atsogoleri dziko. Mwatsoka, Kurt sanathe mogwirizana ndi nthawi ya kukwaniritsidwa la maloto ao.

ANAKULIRA kutsegula "Chiphunzitsochi Field"

Mapangidwe chiphunzitso munda anakopeka ndi zomwe a sayansi yeniyeni, monga sayansi ndi masamu. Pa nthawi yomweyo chidwi Levin kuwerenga maganizo, limene ankafunanso kuti ena olondola. Choncho, anapeza zofunika kwambiri Levin anayamba mu nthawi nkhondoyo, ndi kuyesera maganizo. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, izo anaganiza kuti zamaganizo kwathuthu atakwatirana ndi lingaliro, chifukwa sayansi ino yachokera pa zinthu izi, ngati solo, kutengeka, khalidwe. Mwachidule, ankakhulupirira kuti kuwerenga maganizo ndi umakhudza chakuti sangathe anaphunzitsidwa simungathe kutiona.

Field chiphunzitso Lewin (lalifupi)

Komabe, Levin anapita ku Nineve, mukutengera zidule ndi kamera chobisika. Pa mayesero awo, asayansi anaika mayeso chipinda kumene kunali zinthu zosiyanasiyana: Bukhu, belu pensulo ndi zina zotero. Munthu aliyense wayamba kubala zinthu ndi mpheto iliyonse. Koma kuitana belu - anali lililonse aliyense.

Zimene Kurt Lewin ndiko kunapangitsa kuti mapeto kuti munthu popanda cholinga zimakhudza zinthu zina. nzika zonse anali chibadidwe zinthu zimenezi, amene anali kukankha iwo monga zinthu okha. Kuchokera pamenepa, adamtsata kuti anthu akunena kwa chilengedwe chawo mwachizolowezi N'zosavuta kusamalira. Ndipotu, palibe gulu kuyesera sipafunika kutenga pensulo kapena mabelu. Choncho, zinthu mukopedwe zofuna anthu kuti zamaganizo kutanthauziridwa monga mtundu wa milandu mphamvu, n'zothandiza mayeso voteji. okhumudwa anakankhira munthu kumaliseche, imene inali ku zosowazo.

Motero, chiphunzitso munda wa Kurt Lewin, mwachidule amene anapereka kwa tcheru chanu m'nkhani anali kutanthauzira choyambirira pa khalidwe la munthu. Ndiyamika, iye anali atatsimikizira kuti Zogwiritsira zochita zikudalira pa mawu enieni munda wogwila.

Kulunjika ziphunzitso za Kurt Lewin

Psychological kuphunzira khalidwe la munthu kusanduka mndandanda wa mbali:

1. Khalidwe ayenera kusanthula mu chimango cha zinthu wonse.
2. Munthu pa nkhani ina ukufanizidwa mwamasamu.
3. Khalidwe kupanga yekha chochitika chenicheni. Kodi chinachitika kale kapena zidzachitika m'tsogolo, pang'ono kokha anasintha zikuchokera m'munda.
4. Chimodzimodzi pa Koyamba, khalidwe si nthawi zonse imautsa zifukwazo.

Asayansi akuti "adzadziwire mafuko" polima. Kurt Lewin, ndi chithunzi chimene inu mukhoza kuwona m'nkhani, ankaona kuti khalidwe la munthu sangakhale chifukwa chikhalidwe cha munthu kapena analeredwera. Komabe, onse a awa kwambiri chilengedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti khalidwe la chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika pakati pa munthu ndi zinthu.

Main kulamulira njira

Levin Kurt, mwa zina, anaphunzira njira gulu kasamalidwe mu magulu. Malinga ndi asayansi, iwo akhoza wachinsinsi, potengera kasamalidwe kalembedwe. Pali ena masitaelo zofunika:

1. Authoritarian. Munthu amamva ankhanza chifukwa cha mtsogoleri wamphamvu kuthamanga gulu.
2. Democratic kalembedwe ndi chitukuko anzake a njira pamaziko a njira gulu, kutenga nkhani malingaliro a mtsogoleri.
3. Non-kusokonezedwa. Mfundo yaikulu ya kalembedwe imeneyi kwagona kuti zochita zonse popanda nawo mtsogoleri. Iwo kumatanthauza nsoka wa ntchito, pokhapokha ngati kuti atero. Chotero mtsogoleri ndi kawirikawiri munthu akutamanda.

Activities malo kafukufuku Kurt Lewin a

Mu 1944, Kurt Lewin anatha kukhazikitsa Center kwa Mphamvu Phunziro Gulu pa Institute of Technology Massachusetts. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anathamangitsa zolinga athandize nzika zawo. Scientist moyo wanga wonse akuyembekeza ovomerezeka ku dziko la umunthu. Malinga ndi iye, anthu onse ayenera demokalase, kuti afewetse makhalidwe awo. Kuthandiza kukhazikitsa umunthu Kurt Lewin amayesedwa mwa kuchititsa trainings gulu.

wasayansi ndi kukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa kakhalidwe mu gulu udutse mu magawo angapo:

• "Unfreezing";
• "Kusintha";
• "A amaundana latsopano."

"Defrost" zochitika komwe gulu anali mosatsata moyo ndi phindu lake mwachizolowezi patsogolo. Mu nthawi iyi, iye ndi patsikulo. Mu siteji yotsatira, akumufunsira dongosolo latsopano la makhalidwe ndi zolinga pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko la magulu omwe ayenera kubwerera ku "amaundana".

Mwa njira, Levin ndi chilengedwe cha mtundu watsopano kulankhulana pakati pa maganizo ndiponso kasitomala wake. Nthawi zambiri kulankhulana ndi anthu ambiri ngati nkhani dokotala wodwala. Kurt ali zasintha njira ya kumanga kulankhulana. kulankhulana wake unali ngati kukambirana pakati pa ana asukulu ndi aphunzitsi.

Zimene zamaganizo Kurt Lewin a

Research Center, analengedwa ndi Kurt Lewin mwachangu imachitika trainings anthu ogwira ntchito mwa makampani osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mautumiki a zamaganizo yopita Harwood Kupanga katundu Company ndi dandaulo kuti a pakampaniyo kwa nthawi yaitali kuphunzira kukhazikitsa luso lililonse, imbaenda dontho mu mlingo ntchito.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la Levin Kurt anatenga antchito atatu a gulu ndipo anawapatsa ntchito:

• Gulu loyamba kuganizira za momwe bwino kwambiri ntchito mu chimango cha luso latsopano ndondomeko.
• Gulu lachiwiri anayenera kusankha nthumwi angapo kuti atumizidwe kwa utsogoleri kukambirana luso.
• A gulu lachitatu, wopangidwa mwa ogwira ntchito ndi Ngopambana ayenera kuchititsa "ikugwiritsidwa" pa chitukuko cha luso latsopano.

Chifukwa zimenezo chinapezeka kuti zotsatira zabwino amaoneka gulu lomaliza. Pambuyo pake, kasamalidwe kampani walandira kuimilidwa ndi zamaganizo otchuka.

otsatira wasayansi

Kurt Lewin kupambana zimene takambiranazi, chotchuka kwambiri. Asayansi padziko lonse amange mfundo wake, kukhala ndi "chiphunzitso munda". Pakati pa anthu amene anapitiriza ntchito ya zamaganizo kwambiri, - woyambitsa chiphunzitso cha dissonance chidziwitso, Leon Festinger, kuwerenga maganizo zachilengedwe kafukufuku Roger Barker chilengedwe, komanso anthu amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha kusamvana nkhondo ndi Morton Doych Blum Zeigarnik.