Lignin - ndichiyani? Lignin hydrolysis. Kugwiritsa katundu hydrolytic lignin

Lignin - ndichiyani? Si aliyense amene angathe kuyankha funso ili, koma ife kutchereza. Lignin - mankhwala kuti ndi gawo la mwamtheradi zomera zonse padziko lapansi. Ndiponso ayeneranso anatchula monga zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika monga mapadi ndi hemicellulose.

Cholinga cha lignin - ndi kuonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa mpanda chotengera, amene kusuntha madzi ndi zakudya kusungunuka. Lignin ndi mapadi ndi limodzi mwa maselo makoma, ndi kuonjezera mphamvu zawo. Osati zomera zonse ndi zofanana pawiri lapansi. Ambiri likupezeka mu conifers pafupifupi 40%, koma deciduous -% 25.

The katundu wa lignin

Zinthu zimenezi ndi masoka polima mdima chikasu. Ndi pafupifupi insoluble m'madzi ndi mankhwala ndiponso. Lignin - ndichiyani ndi kapangidwe amazionera? A bwinobwino funso chithe, chifukwa, pokhala membala wa zomera zosiyanasiyana, thunthu mwina zayamba osiyana mu dongosolo.

Pa kuwonongeka kwa lignin aumbike michere wolemera manyowa, zimene amene amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Processing wa lignin chilengedwe wakhala asilikali mabakiteriya, nkhungu ndi ena tizilombo.

Ubwino waukulu wa nkhaniyi ndi kuti si koyenera kuti apange kapena kupeza. Inde, kovuta, lignin kotero mwamphamvu kugwirizana ndi maselo chomera, kuti unaziri wake yokumba ndi ndondomeko zovuta.

lignin The, ulimi wa yomwe ikuchitika kwa tsiku, wina kuposa zinyalala ngati wamba mu processing zamkati. A misa yaikulu ya atayika, koma kumawonjezera reactivity.

Njira kusakonda lignin

Njira yopezera thunthu ku matabwa ikuchitika ndi zolinga zosiyana;

• Kuphunzira katundu wa nkhani;
• kudziwa kuchuluka kwa lignin zomera zosiyanasiyana.

Njira wothandizila m'zigawo amasankhidwa malingana ndi cholinga cha ntchito zake. Ngati ntchito zina ndi kuphunzira, njira kudzipatula ndi zotheka amadza osachepera pa kapangidwe ndi khalidwe la lignin. Ngakhale tingati palibe njira zimenezi kuti kodi akutsimikizira kupeza chinthu sichinasinthe.

Pambuyo kulekana kwa lignin lili zosafunika zingapo:

• extractives pa hydrolysis kupereka mankhwala insoluble;
• humification mankhwala a dzuwa;
• trudnogidrolizuemyh osakaniza polysaccharides.

The pazipita zinthu abwino kwa kudzipatula lignin ndi anthu umene kuchuluka chachikulu cha mankhwala. Mu nkhani iyi, lignin analandira pafupifupi ufulu zosafunika, ndipo adamsunga zomvetsa wake wamng'ono.

The njira ambiri akuti ndi chidulo cha safuriki, koma solyanokislotny ntchito kwambiri kamodzikamodzi chifukwa cha mavuto a ntchito ndi asidi nsanganizo.

mitundu ya lignin

Ndiwo lignin ndi mafakitale wa mapadi. Zomera zosiyanasiyana malangizo amenewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito njira zamakono osiyanasiyana kupanga choncho lignin analandira Chotero, uli wosiyana khalidwe ndi zikuchokera.

Mu ndondomeko kupanga kapena soda sulphate lignin sulphates analandira pa ulimi wa zidulo - sulfite.

Kusiyana mitundu ya wina ndi mzake, osati zikuchokera komanso njira nazo. Sulphate lignin ndi incinerated, ndi sulphite anatumiza kwa yosungirako m'madera wapadera yosungirako.

Pa hydrolysis mabizinezi ali lignin hydrolysis.

Katundu hydrolytic lignin

Izi mankhwala powdery ndi osalimba wa 1,45 g / cm³. mtundu zimasiyanasiyana beige kuwala kwa mithunzi zosiyanasiyana bulauni. The lignin zili mu zinthu lingayambire pakukhala 40 80%.

Hydrolytic lignin ali katundu poizoni ndi mphamvu kwambiri kumamatira, izi zachokera ntchito mankhwala.

Ngati utsi chinthu chimene zouma amakhala mafuta, pangakhale chiopsezo kuphulika. Youma lignin pa kuyaka limatulutsa yambiri kutentha ndi mokwanira. poyatsira kutentha kwake ndi madigiri 195 ndi oipa kumayamba kutentha 185 ° C.

kukonzekera ulimi lignin

Lignin ku mtengo olekanitsidwa kuti tilandire ndiye mankhwala ake zosiyanasiyana za maphunziro. Taganizirani lignin kuchira gawo:

• akuigwiritsa nkhuni tchipisi ndi boma, ndi zina, ufa;
• mankhwala osakaniza mowa toluene kuti tichotse extractives ya;
• ntchito catalysts asidi, amene kupewa Ndime ya lignin boma sungunuka.

Mu kupanga ndondomeko, ena mitundu ya sungunuka mankhwala, amene woterowu, mwayeretsa ndi zouma, umene ufa.

Kugwiritsa lignin hydrolytic

Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ndi kovuta kuti akonzanso chifukwa chikhalidwe chake zovuta ndi Kusakhazikika, n'zotheka kuti atchule m'magulu osiyana kumene lignin ntchito. Ntchito mankhwala ali ndi madera awa:

• kupanga briquettes mafuta;
• monga mafuta kukatentha;
• kupanga kuchepetsa wothandizila chifukwa zitsulo zina ndi pakachitsulo;
• pongotayira makampani mapulasitiki;
• Mpweya mafuta;
• popanga feteleza;
• kupanga herbicides;
• monga zopangira kwa ulimi wa phenol asidi, acetic;
• kupanga adamulowetsa mpweya;
• monga sorbent zochizira effluents m'matauni ndi mafakitale;
• kupanga mankhwala;
• ulimi wa njerwa ndi mankhwala ceramic.

Zifukwa kuchuluka kufunika kwa lignin

Lignin hydrolysis ndi mafuta kwambiri omwe, pa kuyaka, chimabala wambirimbiri mphamvu. Komanso, zopangira kwa kupanga gwero ichi mphamvu si Kufikika ndi zongowonjezwdwa.

Osati mu dziko lathu koma padziko lonse lapansi panopa apakhungu nkhani zopangira magetsi zina. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali zifukwa zingapo, Pakati tikhoza lembani izi:

1. Natural onyamula mphamvu - malasha, mafuta ndi kufunika mafuta kupanga ake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za mtengo. Izi sangakhoze koma bwanji nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka phindu.
2. zopangira magetsi kuti panopa ntchito, ndi exhaustible zachilengedwe, kotero nthawi idzafika pamene amapereka ali pafupifupi ntchito mmwamba.
3. Kupanga magwero njira ya mphamvu analimbikitsa ndi boma m'mayiko ambiri.

Lignin monga mafuta

Monga lero, ndi zambiri monga mafuta zina ntchito lignin. Kodi ndi mmene imaoneka?

thunthu ndi utuchi ndi chinyezi ochititsa 70%, amene zosiyanasiyana zikuchokera malingana zipangizo. Kapangidwe awo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi makala, amene ali ambiri pores ting'onoting'ono. The katundu wa nkhaniyi kulola poyera briquetting ake ndi pelletizing. Ngati ntchito paipi pa ngati keke likukhalira ku misa viscous pulasitiki.

The pellets anapangidwa kuchokera lignin amenewa, ndi mkulu kutentha madyaidya ndikuledzera, koma sangabereke utsi zambiri. briquettes mafuta ndi mbamu ali apamwamba chuma, yotentha kwambiri kutentha, ndipo pafupifupi palibe mwaye. Ndizachidziwikire kuti lignin ndi kwambiri zopangira kwa kupanga briquettes mafuta.

Ntchito lignin mu mawonekedwe ufa

Thunthu mu boma ufa wapeza ntchito monga zowonjezera mu ulimi wa phula simenti. Ntchito lignin hydrolyzed amalola kuti:

• kuonjezera mphamvu, madzi kukana ndi kukana kuti akulimbana;
• kupulumutsa zipangizo njira zomanga;
• kwambiri kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe kumadera zinyalala awasungira;
• kubwezeretsa chonde m'mayiko, amene ntchito pa masamba.

Mu gawo msewu mokwanira kopindulitsa ntchito lignin. katundu wotere kuti amalola kuti kwambiri kusintha khalidwe la zinthu nyumbayi. Komanso, lignin amapereka mwayi m'malo zina zamtengo wapatali.

opangidwa kuchokera lignin

Opangidwa kuchokera kwa thunthu ndi lignosulfonates, amene anapanga ndi sulfite processing njira nkhuni. Lignosulfonates ndi ntchito yapamwamba, kuti athe kupeza ntchito yawo m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana:

• mafuta makampani (takambiranazi katundu wa muds pobowola) ;
• Foundry (wokhala binder mu zosakaniza ndi);
• kupanga konkire;
• yomanga makampani (monga emulsifiers mu emulsions pa msewu);
• zopangira kwa yokonza vanillin;
• zaulimi (tillage kuteteza kukokololoka).

Sulphate lignin ali osalimba mkulu, ndi mankhwala kukana. M'chigawo youma - bulauni ufa omwe amasungunula mu amoniya, soda, ethylene glycol, dioxins.

The sulphate lignin si poizoni, si owopsa ndipo sprayed ku mawonedwe a ngozi moto. Izo ntchito:

• monga plasticizer mu kupanga nkhani ceramic konkire;
• monga zopangira kwa kupanga mapulasitiki ndi resins phenol-formaldehyde;
• monga ulalo mu kupanga paperboard, pepala ndi nkhuni ofotokoza zipangizo;
• monga zowonjezera mu kupanga labala ndi lalabala.

Tsopano zimaonekeratu mmene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito lignin. Ndichiyani tsopano palibe amene sayambitsa mavuto, kuyambira chifukwa makhalidwe ake mankhwala kwambiri mu ankafuna masiku ano.

Mankhwala zochokera lignin

Monga momwe taonera, ntchito lignin hydrolyzed komanso mwina a zachipatala. Lembani mankhwala zotsatirazi ofotokoza:

• "Lignosorb" akusonyeza kuti matenda a thirakiti m'mimba, zakudya poizoni;
• "Polifan" ali umboni yonena za ntchito;
• "Polyphepan" kukupatsa mpumulo kwa m'mimba komanso dysbacteriosis;
• "Filtrum-opatsirana pogonana";
• "Entegnin".

Ntchito "Polyphepan"

dzina lina ili kukonzekera - lignin hydrolysis. Izo zinabala mu mawonekedwe a granules, suspensions, ufa, ndi mapilitsi. Mankhwala mankhwala, akuchokera lignin. Malangizo pa ntchito limanena kuti mankhwala ndi bwino angathe tizilombo kumanga ndi zinthu zawo kagayidwe kachakudya.

Komanso, pansi zochita za mankhwala detoxified poizoni wa chikhalidwe chosiyana: zitsulo, isotopes nyukiliya, ammonia. Lignin amanyamula hydrolytic detoxification a chamoyo, komanso kupereka antioxidant ndi zamadzimadzi-kutsitsa kwenikweni.

Nawu mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa ndi lignin! Malangizo akutinso kuti kutenga mankhwala, inu angalipirire chosowa cha CHIKWANGWANI zakudya mu intestine, zimene kukhala wochitachita mu ndondomeko ya chimbudzi, matenda microflora ndi kusintha chitetezo chokwanira.

Zikuonetsa yopemphera "Polyphepan" ndi:

• aakulu kapena pachimake m'mimba matenda;
• chakudya poizoni;
• m'mimba;
• tizilombo matenda a chiwindi;
• kolera;
• matumbo dysbiosis;
• salmonellosis;
• matenda a m'matumbo;
• thupi lawo siligwirizana;
• matenda a kagayidwe mafuta m'thupi;
• kuchira nthawi pambuyo mankhwala amphamvu kapena cheza;
• mavuto matenda: candidiasis, vaginosis.

A mndandanda m'malo kwambiri zikuonetsa ali ndi mankhwala amenewa, monga lignin. Malangizo ananenanso ena contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity kuti mankhwala;
• aakulu kudzimbidwa;
• gastritis;
• shuga.

Pa phwando lignin mavuto kumachitika: sayanjana kapena kudzimbidwa.

Njira kutsatira mankhwala ndi mlingo wake wayikidwa dokotala malingana zovuta za matenda ndi chikhalidwe. Childs Kwalamulidwa madyedwe a lignin pa sabata, koma ndi mavuto ena a nthawi ya mankhwala akhoza ziwonjezeke kwa mwezi umodzi.

Ubale ndi lignin

mankhwala amapangidwa zambiri mu processing zamkati. Iwo apangidwe mu milu zikuluzikulu, zimene zimathandiza kuti kuipitsa. Komanso, pali milandu kuyaka mowiriza wa lignin.

Pakali pano, ndi nkhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga mafuta, kuyambira pambuyo kuyaka ake wambirimbiri zinyalala, amene amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe. Lignin wapeza ntchito kwake m'mafakitale ambiri, choncho woyamba wa zonse n'kofunika kuti vuto la chitetezo zachilengedwe za chilengedwe.