Macroevolution ndi microevolution: Kufanana ndi kusiyana

Macroevolution ndi microevolution amasiyana kuti Mauwa limafotokoza kusintha pa mlingo mitundu, ndipo chachiwiri - supraspecific kusanduka. matanthauzo zimenezi zimatchedwa sizingasinthe kusintha kwa thupi la zamoyo, adaptively likufanana zinthu ozungulira.

Kodi mawu chiyani?

Pofotokoza kusiyana mu mawu a "macroevolution" ndi "microevolution" izo ukutchulidwa kwambiri ukulu wa njira pano. N'komwe nthawi chofunika kusintha majeremusi. Macroscopic zizindikiro zigwirizana microprocessors angapo.

Macroevolution ndi microevolution - m'ndandanda wa zochitika zikubweretsa zikamera wa magulu mwadongosolo:

• detachments;
• pobereka,
• Mitundu kapena mabungwe;
• mabanja.

Mu magulu awa onse pali kufanana: iwo anabwera ku mkhalidwe womwewo. Pang'onopang'ono kusinthasintha kwa chilengedwe, iwo mutate ndi kukhala yosiyana kwa mtundu wapachiyambi. Ndipo nthawi zambiri chitadutsa, m'pamenenso noticeable kusiyana mwa mitundu.

The ndondomeko kusanduka ili kusintha sizingasinthe mu zinthu zachilengedwe, zikubweretsa mapangidwe limati zotsatirazi:

• kusintha chibadwa;
• mapangidwe anatengera mikhalidwe yatsopano ya moyo;
• mapangidwe mtundu watsopano;
• biogeocoenoses kutembenuka;
• kutha kwa mitundu kale;
• kusintha mu biosphere wonse.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa kusiyana zamalankhulidwe mawu?

Kusintha anthu mitundu munthu kumabweretsa chakuti pali macroevolution ndi microevolution. Kusiyana matanthauzo:

• The tanthauzo loyamba ntchito pofotokoza lonse kusintha zinthu zamoyo. Izi zikuphatikizapo mapangidwe subspecies Hrs, koma simungathe kuyamba popanda microevolution.
• Global njira ya macroevolution mpaka makumi, mazana a zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Nthawi ya kusintha kwachilengedwenso mu microevolution ndi zaka masauzande angapo.

Mchiphunzitso cha microevolution ankaona njira ya anatengera anthu kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Nthawi zambiri njira ya chitukuko cha mtundu nthawi yomweyo akufotokozedwa ngati macroevolution ndi microevolution. Kufanana ndi kusiyana ziphunzitso alipo ayenera zambiri magawo anaphunzira ku chitukuko cha mitundu.

Mfundo za mitundu iwiri ya

Sakhoza kuona ndondomeko mu ziphunzitso monga macroevolution ndi microevolution. Kuyerekezera mitundu iwiri ya chitukuko akupereka chifukwa kuganizira mfundo ofanana kulingalira kusanduka kwachilengedwenso. Pankhani zakale, mapangidwe genera kumene zikalembedwa mitundu. A yachiwiri chiweruzo ofanana ikuchitika kupeza masinthidwe, kulowerera chibadwa, kusamuka kwa zinthu zamoyo.

Chiphunzitso cha macro- ndi microevolution zochokera kulenga ina ya view mu phunziro la chitukuko cha mitundu, amene amalola tipende mwatsatanetsatane yaitali chitukuko cha zamoyo. Mawu akuti "kusakonda zinthu" ntchito kupeza ikulongosola kokwanira kwambiri a mitundu. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu zokhudza zamoyo:

• kusintha mtsinje otaya amachititsa nsomba ndi zina zolengedwa m'madzi kuti azolowere chilengedwe chatsopano;
• pa chikhalidwe mwambo wa mbalame zimakhudza kayendedwe ka matanthwe a pansi padziko, pamene mapangidwe latsopano mapiri;
• likutentha kumawonjezera kutentha kwa nyanja mafunde zimene zimakhudza moyo monga zolengedwa m'madzi ndi nyama pa dziko lonselo.

Kusintha kwa chilengedwe chatsopano, zamoyo ayenera mutate mlingo microevolution.

kusintha Global

Poyerekeza ndi maganizo "macroevolution" ndi "microevolution", tinganene kuti chifukwa cha kusintha lonse zimadalira ya ngozi zimene zimachitika pa mlingo maselo. Lililonse pang'onopang'ono wotuluka ndondomeko nthawi zina akhoza kukula mu supermakroevolyutsiyu. Komabe, izi nthawi yaitali kwambiri za nthawi.

Mchiphunzitso cha macroevolution tiganizire malamulo a chitukuko cha dziko organic. mukhoza bwinobwino ndi zowombetsa mkota wa chisinthiko mitundu ndi deta zowerengera. Bwino limasonyeza zochita zazikulu ndi malangizo amene ali kovuta kuchita pamene kuphunzira kokha microevolution.

Zitsanzo za zochitika padziko lonse

Macroevolution chiphunzitso amaona njira imeneyi imatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Zikuphatikizapo linanena bungwe zolengedwa peresenti pa dziko, kusintha kwa anthu kuyenda ndi miyendo inayi bipedal kaimidwe kuyenda. Nkhani zimenezi limodzi ndi kusintha kwakukulu mu mitundu onse pa mlingo jini ndi kunja. Mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano nthawi zonse mitundu iwiri ya chitukuko zimachitika: microevolution ndi macroevolution. zochitika zofanana pa choona kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano ndi subspecies amakhala kusankha zamoyo. Mukamakambirana onse njira pofuna kutengapo maganizo ambiri za chito za chisinthiko.

kusintha mkati

Macroevolution ndi microevolution ndi modalirana. Woyamba ndondomeko lonse zikhoza kusinthidwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Majini zosiyanasiyana;
• masiyanidwe majini ;
• Kutchinjiriza atamwa kanthu lotsogolera la kusankha zamoyo.

Chiphunzitso cha microevolution kumaphatikizapo nkhani ya kusintha mkati mwa mitundu, pamene ena anthu kukhala otchuka tilili kuthupi chifukwa zinthu zina ndi kupanga subspecies latsopano. Wosalira zambiri mu gulu la zochitika ntchito unit yaikulu ya kusanduka - anthu.

njira Microevolutionary mwina chitani ndi kudzipatula anthu payekha, kudzipatula ku subspecies kholo mitundu osiyana. Choncho angayambe pamene mtundu umodzi wa anthu kwachilengedwenso lagawidwa awiri osiyana Chrixitu boma.

Zitsanzo za zochitika intraspecific

Ndi microevolution zikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:

• anatengera dongosolo m'mimba wa makoswe kuti ziphe watsopano ndi mankhwala (ndondomeko izi mofulumira kwambiri - zaka zochepa);
• kusintha mu dziwe jini ya mtundu umodzi, wotchedwa phyletic kusanduka;
• microevolution angapezeke mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana: mbalame ndi zibonga ndi mapiko, nsomba ndi nyanja zolengedwa - ndi zipsepse ndi makutu, mu achule anati onse;
• njira zofanana angapezeke nyama pazokha ndi makhalidwe mwadongosolo: makutu ndi nsomba ndi lobusitara kapena nkhanu, ndi crickets Mole miyendo ofanana mu dongosolo kwa yoteroyo Mole;
• miyendo ya nyama mitengo, ofanana mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito.

Njira ya chitukuko cha mitundu kwachilengedwenso

Tanthawuzo la "mtundu" zikuphatikizapo yaikulu mndandanda wa katundu:

• Thupi, kwachilengedwenso physico-mankhwala magawo.
• Anthu ndi mwayi kubereka.
• Ali ndi luso atengere zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
• Anthu zimakhala kagawo kakang'ono mu unyolo chakudya.

yosayambitsa kwa mitundu ya ziyenera ntchito macroevolution micro- ndi:

1. Morphological.
2. Thupi.
3. Amuzolengedwa.
4. Chibadwa.
5. Geographic.
6. Environmental.

View amatanthauza unit zing'onozing'ono majini ndi kuyerekeza ndi anthu, pamene munthu wina angathe amamuchitira ndi mzake. Pa nthawi yomweyo anasamutsa mbali ya malamulo kwachilengedwenso kwa kubereka ana. Izi amalenga zamoyo zina.

Kusintha mtundu chofunika zinthu abwino uka mchikakamizo cha zochitika: kudzipatula kwa chilengedwe zikuwononga, malamulo a kusankha zamoyo, kusintha ndi kusintha kwa anthu wavy.