Mafupa ndi kumene? Mafupa: ntchito, kapangidwe

Mmodzi wa minofu zofunika kwambiri m'thupi mwathu ndi magazi. Ndi udindo mwa kundipatsako kwa mpweya, ndiye mphamvu ya maselo onse, ziwalo ndi kachitidwe. Choncho ndi zofunika kwambiri mu nthawi kubwezeretsanso m'matangadza maselo amene amapanga magazi (erythrocytes, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, leukocytes).

Moyo wa aliyense wa maselo amenewa ndi yaing'ono ndi ranges kuchokera masiku 5 (leukocytes) kwa masiku 100 (erythrocytes). Iyi imalimbikitsa kufunika zonse kudziona watsopano wa magazi. Mu thupi pali ziwalo kuti basi nchito imeneyi ndi kuchita.

Human ziwalo magazi kupanga

Mwa nyumba zikuluzikulu za thupi, amene amatumikira monga mapangidwe latsopano maselo a mwazi ndi wofiira mafupa ndi ndulu. Dongosolo lymphatic ndi mmodzi wa mbali zimene mafupa akugwira ntchito. Kodi mphamvu imeneyi ndi amene akuimira, kukambirana pansipa.

Location mafupa mu thupi

The kutanthauzira kwa ziwalo, n'kupanga maselo magazi, mfundo zokwanira. Popeza kuti ziwalo zikuluzikulu za hematopoiesis - wofiira mafupa ndi ndulu - sali ofanana mu magwiridwe awo. Kotero, mafupa ndi zoopsa ndi lofunika kwambiri pankhani imeneyi, choncho n'kofunika kwambiri malo ake, chiwerengero ndi ntchito zachilendo kwa onse thupi la munthu.

Malo chachikulu cha mafupa kutanthauzira ndi mafupa, koma osati onse a iwo, monga wofiira mafupa lili yekha gawo la fupa, ndi zina - wachikasu.

Kukula kwa kapangidwe

Mbali zonse za mapangidwe a mafupa cha anthu motere:

1. Mafupa yaikidwa ndipo anayamba kuchokera pachiyambi cha mapangidwe embryonic wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi.
2. Pa siteji Ndisanaumbidwe kenako mwana wosabadwa amakuonani, komanso pambuyo pa kubadwa, patangopita zaka zochepa mafupa onse a m'thupi ndi anthu opanga (opanga) wa maselo a mwazi ndi lymphocytes, kuti ndi mtundu uliwonse wa wofiira m'mafupa, komwe zambiri za achinyamata maselo undifferentiated.
3. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izo m'malo mwa chikasu, wopangidwa mwa yaikuluikulu mafupa onse tubular za thupi.

Choncho, zikuonekeratu kuti mafupa angakhale mitundu iwiri: wofiira ndi wachikasu.

Makhalidwe a chikasu mafupa

Ndi mafuta monga mankhwala chikasu maselo anapanga kubala chamoyo lipoid minofu. Palibe gawo mu magazi mapangidwe kapena mapangidwe nyumba ma chitetezo chokwanira sadzifuna. Mu moyo m'malo mwa mafuta ofiira mafupa ambiri, ukalamba wobwezera chachikulu filler diaphysis mafupa yaitali. Okwana kulemera zili thupi pafupifupi 2.5-3 makilogalamu. Ichi ndi hafu ya misa onse a m'mafupa. Mbali yaikulu - ndi mphamvu ndi kupereka mafupa elasticity. Komanso, kuvulala lalikulu ndi mabvuto chikasu mafuta akhoza mongoyembekezera m'malo ndi wofiira kubwezeretsa ntchito wabwinobwino wa magazi.

Kapangidwe ka m'mafupa

The chigawo chachikulu ndi mbali ya misa waukulu wa maselo undifferentiated ndi apadera otchedwa tsinde. Izi zimapangitsa kapangidwe ka wapadera ndi zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu. mafupa dongosolo awiri minofu lalikulu reticular (stroma) ndi hematopoietic.

Nsalu imene zinthu zonse anapangidwa wa zikuchokera mkati mwa mafuta wofiira, wotchedwa stroma reticular. Mmenemo mkati lonse la fupa ndipo lili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• ambiri Mitsempha kumupatsa semifluid kugwirizana ndi wofiira;
• maselo fibroblast (alimi a Ulimbo ndi fibrinogen)
• za indofeliyamu maselo.

Pamodzi ndi a reticular minofu mu m'mafupa lili zinthu hematopoietic - maselo tsinde. Iwo pa zosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe specialization erythrocytes, lymphocytes, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana ndi m'nyanjazi ena magazi ndi lymph.

Choncho, mu thupi pali malo angapo a mafupa, kumene waukulu hematopoietic minofu - wofiira zosiyanasiyana nkhani ubongo.

1. Epifazy lalifupi ndi lalitali mafupa.
2. Diaphysis wa osteons tubular.
3. Lathyathyathya mafupa.
4. Vertebrae.

Chotero makonzedwe ndi kutanthauzira - ponseponse munthu wamkulu.

Maselo a mafupa

Hematopoietic minofu lili zambiri maselo kapangidwe dongosolo ofanana nyongolosi embryonic. Awa ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa maselo ena onse mu thupi (ndipo pali anthu ambirimbiri) ndi apadera kwambiri ndipo sangakhoze konse m'malo maselo ena minofu kapena perespetsializirovatsya. Koma ukhoza kumasowa. Choncho, maziko, zomwe zinagwira onse corpuscles magazi ndi ya nyumba ya dongosolo lymphatic.

maselo mafupa kupanga majeremusi asanu hematopoiesis, aliyense zomwe zinagwira chinthu makamaka.

1. Erythrocyte mphukira umabala maselo magazi wofiira - maselo ofiira, kuchita ntchito zofunika zoyendera mpweya ziwalo ndipo zimakhala.
2. Granulocyte ndipamene maselo nyongolosi, eosinophils, neutrophils ndi basophils, zomwe ndi zofunika nyumba chamoyo chitetezo chokwanira, ndipo amapanga maselo oyera.
3. Lymphocytic mphukira zinagwira lymphocytes - maziko a dongosolo lymphatic.
4. Monocyte nyongolosi mitundu monocytes - m'thupi mphako zinthu.
5. Megakaryocytic mphukira zinagwira moyo othandiza magazi kuundana - mmodzi wa maselo waukulu magazi udindo clotting.

Choncho, ntchito za mafupa kudzadalira ndicho pa kapangidwe selo, magudumu ake. Awa ndi nyumba zonse zofunika. Kutha kwa mtundu osachepera mbali kumayambitsa matenda aakulu anthu zofuna ndalama maselo mafuta tsinde.

mafupa

Kapangidwe wapadera ndi poika ndi chigawo mkati mwa mafupa lathyathyathya imawachititsa tanthauzo lalikulu kwa chamoyo. Pa nkhani imeneyi tikhoza kudziwa mbali zingapo zimene ntchito mafupa. Ntchito yake motere:

1. Ndi katundu mosalekeza achinyamata, maselo atsopano magazi, amene amafunika kusinthidwa tsiku lililonse (maselo ofiira moyo kwa tsiku, tsiku lililonse, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amafa nyumba izi, ndipo ayenera m'malo ndi atsopano).
2. Ndimapanga kuipidwa nyumba, ndikuthandiza kanthu ndi matupi ena, monga mbali ya thupi, mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha m'thupi.
3. Kupsa zigawo mwini ma ndi kupha osafunika (mwachitsanzo, chotupa).
4. NADZIWA pazipita okha maselo mwa thupi, kumene kumabwera mwa njira pathological.

Mosakayikira, wapatali kwambiri ndi ubwino mafupa. Kodi dongosolo lina limene limakhalapo ntchito chofunika kwambiri? Paliponse. Analogues mu thupi panonso. Limaperekanso lofunika kwambiri ndi wapadera wofiira fupa ubongo wa munthu.

ndulu

Pachiyambi ife ndinatchula osati mafupa ndi zofunika mu mapangidwe magazi. Inde, mapangidwe atangochimwa misa waukulu wa maselo ake ndi zosiyanasiyana maselo tsinde ndi khalidwe iyeyo. Komabe, pali ena ziwalo hematopoietic kuti kuthandiza ntchito mafupa. Chief pakati pawo - ndulu. Taganizirani mbali yake yaikulu:

• Ndi erythrocytic zofikira thupi, ngati n'koyenera (zikuluzikulu krovepoteri, zoopsa, etc.) limatulutsa wina kuchuluka kwa maselo amenewa mu Blutwurst misa wonse.
• Ndulu - mlonda fyuluta, amene unyinji waukulu wa magazi. Iwo neutralizes kuti kumatha particles yachilendo kupasuka maselo akufa. Izo - ndi zotsukira singasiyanitsidwe mu thupi lathu.
• Mafomu monocytes - mtima minofu dongosolo.

Ndulu palokha ndi wamfupi ndi kulemera pafupifupi 150 magalamu. Inali pamwamba m'mimba, monga kumanzere kwa izo.

kupatsidwa zina

Mwatsoka, moyo amapereka munthu mavutowa, kuchotsa lomwe kale zinkaoneka ngati zosatheka. Mwachitsanzo, 1968 ankaona osachiritsika khansa magazi. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi nthenda monga kuchepa magazi aplastic, lymphoma, matenda mafupa. Mu milandu, mankhwala wapeza njira yokhayo yotulukira - ndi mafupa kumuika. zimatenga aang'ono, kovuta chifukwa ziyenera chosakwanira amadza ndi sanawonekere nthawi uneventful. Koma chaka chilichonse, ntchito amenewa kukhala achuluke ndiponso simplistic zomangidwa.

Mafupa kupatsidwa zina angakhale mitundu itatu:

1. Pomwepo fupa mankhwala.
2. Tsinde maselo.
3. Chingwe madzi (magazi).

Kusankha mtundu zimatengera mtundu wa matenda. Lero, mitundu yonse atatu ankagwiritsa ntchito. The vuto lalikulu anakumana ndi akatswiri - chopereka kwa mwiniwake chifukwa opaleshoni. Pali zizindikiro imene ayenera kukhala abwino kumuika bwino kwa iye ndi kwa wolandira.

kusankha othandizira ndalama

Kuti tipeze mwiniwake oyenera kupatsidwa zina gomeopoeticheskih nyumba akhoza kutengera ndi momwe zingapo:

• gulu ofananira magazi (osati nthawi zonse n'kofunika, koma chofunika kwambiri);
• kusowa katundu kapena aakulu matenda, ndipo matenda opatsirana;
• kusowa matenda mwiniwake maganizo ndi matenda otengera kwa makolo.

Nthawi zambiri ofuna kwambiri chifukwa chopereka anthu mbadwa: alongo, abale, ana kapena makolo. Koma mu nkhani iyi, minofu ngakhale kungakupatseni ankaona mu 25 peresenti ya milandu. Zovuta kudziwa gwero abwino, zomwe adzakupatsani wathanzi mafupa (chithunzi cha momwe icho chikuwonekera, mukhoza kuona m'nkhani). Choncho ndikofunikira kuyang'ana othandizira ndalama pakati pa anthu achilendo. Anthu amenewa akhoza kukhala anthu a mitundu yonse, mafuko ndi mayiko.

Mitundu ya mafupa kupatsidwa zina

Pali mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri:

• autologous kupatsidwa zina - pamene maselo tsinde achokera wodwala pasadakhale ndiponso linatseka zinthu zenizeni isanafike opaleshoni;
• allogeneic kumuika - nkhaniyo wachotsedwa mwiniwake, imene onse ali oyenera zikhalidwe za anthu, kuphatikizapo achibale.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku panopa m'munsi mwa utsogoleri dziko mu mwiniwake chikuperekedwa Germany ndi United States. Mu Russia, othandizira ndalama zochepa kwambiri, kotero odwala athu kuziika maselo tsinde la mitundu ina.