Magawo ndi siteji ya chitukuko ya gulu: Methodology

Anthu onse okhala padziko lapansi lino, pamodzi ndi wina ndi mnzake mu zosiyanasiyana angapo zosagwira osati m'dera kwambiri. Iwo akutchedwa magulu. generality amenewa ndi osiyana, akuti: .. Social, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa, makonzedwe ndi lenileni ntchito ndi maphunziro, etc. Komanso, magulu akutali mlingo wochepa ndi mkulu wa chitukuko.

Pakuti oyamba yodziwika ndi kupanda cohesion, kugawanika bwino atsogoleri ndi anthu ena. A chitukuko waudindo nthawi akutchedwa gulu. commonality Izi nazo katundu iwo amene akusowa mu mapangidwe pa mlingo wochepa wa chitukuko.

Lingaliro la gulu

Njira, lomwe ndi gulu la otsika mlingo mpaka sitepe pamwamba pa chitukuko, ndi wapadera. Koma pamapeto pake, dera lino amakhudza kwambiri anthu.

Zizindikiro za timu

Gulu la anthu ali pa msinkhu wake mkulu wa chitukuko, ngati:
- cholinga wamba;
- olowa ntchito;
- udindo ubwenzi modalirana;
- kasamalidwe ambiri, zomwe zikhonza kukhala mmodzi wa mamembala otchuka, kapena amazilamulira.

Mu gulu pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maubwenzi:
- payekha, zomwe ndi zochokera chifundo, antipathy ndi chikondi;
- malonda anafunika nawo ntchitoyo.

ndodo sukulu

Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe umunthu ndi gulu maphunziro. Izo analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a sukulu ndi ophunzira pa maziko a zolinga nawo bwino, komanso pamaziko ubale yachibadwa chikhalidwe. Mu gulu ili pali gulu mkulu wa ubale lotha ndi wodzilamulira. Mapangidwe a mtundu wa anthu amenewa imayendetsa ophunzira akulitse cholinga, kuumba chikhalidwe chawo cha khalidwe ndi HIV maubwenzi lotha.

Timu ya sukulu tichipeza zinthu zotsatirazi:
- chachikulu (makalasi);
- nthawi (mabwalo lotseguka, masewera ndodo);
- ofunda (kusukulu ya boma thupi, Student Committee);
- mwamwayi.

njira maphunziro

Mapangidwe wophunzira aliyense m'dera sukulu kumachitika kudzera:
- Maphunzilo ntchito;
- zinthu owonjezera curricular;
- ntchito;
- chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ntchito.

Kuti akonze timu ya sukulu wathanzi, muyenera:
- kulera wophunzira wodalirika, kuthandiza mphunzitsi ndi ubwino onse a m'kalasi mwawo;
- bungwe masewera ndi kusangalala, maphunziro, ntchito ndi maphunziro ntchito;
- athandize amafuna pedagogical.

Magawo a mapangidwe gulu

Great wophunzitsa A. S. Makarenko kukonza malamulo zofunika imene kukhala ana ammudzi. Mfundo amafotokoza akutero. Ndi mawonekedwe a moyo losonkhanitsidwa. Lekani zonse imfa yake.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za gulu, monga mphunzitsi wamkulu, timadalira ndi nkhani, komanso chiyembekezo. Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi ndi ntchito yomweyi ziwalo zake zonse.

Makarenko ukutionetsera siteji ya chitukuko cha timu. Iwo zigwirizana wa magawo anayi, yoyamba ndi mapangidwe a. Izo zikuchitika pa mapangidwe kalasi, makapu kapena gulu kapena gulu psycho-chikhalidwe dera, kumene ubale pakati pa ophunzira anafotokozedwa ndi zolinga zawo, zolinga ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito olowa. Pankhaniyi, kulinganiza chachikulu ndi Mphunzitsi, kukankhira ana zofunika zina.

Mu gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko kumatheka zotsatira kakatundu losonkhanitsidwa. Ndi ophunzira osati akwaniritsa zofunikira za aphunzitsi, komanso kuzipereka kwa ena a anzake mu kalasi. Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko zokhudza gulu monga dongosolo kwathunthu, amene kale ndi kuyamba njira wodzilamulira lamulo ntchito. Ndiponso, izi ndi chida ambiri maphunziro akulimbana za makhalidwe abwino anthu.

Mu gawo lachitatu la chitukuko la Makarenko gulu chikukula. The commonality adza kwa gawo lino chitukuko, pamene zofuna za ziwalo zake yokha wopitirira malo awo. Zonsezi ndi umboni kwa kukwaniritsa mkulu mlingo wa maphunziro, komanso mtendere wa kuweruza ndi maganizo a ophunzira.

Kukhala ndi gulu amenewa, kuti munthu ali ndi prerequisites onse ulili makhalidwe ake ndiponso kukhulupirika. Mbali yaikulu ya dera lino pa stepi ino ya chitukuko ndi kukhalapo zinachitikira wamba ndi ziyenera yomweyo zochitika zina.

Mbali wachinayi ndi gulu la apaulendo. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ophunzirawo pamaziko a kale anaphatikizana zinachitikira gulu, kuti asanene zina zofunika okha. Choncho zofunika ana amakhala kusunga mfundo abwino. Pa nthawi imeneyi ndondomeko maphunziro atuluka bwino kudzipatsa maphunziro.

magawo onse a gulu chitukuko cha Makarenko mulibe omveka bwino. Aliyense wa magawo wotsatira anawonjezera kuti m'mbuyomo, osati m'malo izo.

Pofotokoza chiphunzitso wake wa magawo ndodo chitukuko, mphunzitsi wamkulu tcheru kwambiri miyambo anakhazikitsa anthu ake. Mawonekedwe khola cha anthu, kuthandiza kukhala ndi moyo khalidwe, komanso zokongoletsa ndi osauka moyo sukulu.

Malinga ndi Makarenko kugwirizanitsa ndi kuuzira timu amatha zikhudze, kumene kungakhale pafupi, pakati ndi kutali. Thandizani oyamba ndi chodzikonda. Avereji cholinga anatsimikiza ndi zovuta ndi nthawi komanso ali kutali ndi ambiri chikhalidwe kwambiri. Chotero chiyembekezo dongosolo ayenera kusinthitsa gulu lonse. Only mu nkhani iyi, chitukuko zidzachitika mwachibadwa.

Poganizira siteji ya chitukuko cha gulu yophunzitsa ana, Makarenko atapereka monga mfundo kanthu yomweyi. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Pa siteji ena a gulu chitukuko, yense wa mamembala ake ali pansi kanthu munthawi yomweyo mphunzitsi ndi comrades wake. Nthawi zina chilango woyerekedwa kungakhale nkhanza. N'chifukwa chake mfundo Makarenko nsonga ntchito mosamala.

Malinga ndi mphunzitsi wodziwika bwino wa chiphunzitso, gulu athanzi amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- tcheru nthawi zonse;
- mgwirizano wochezeka wa anthu onse;
- kudzidalira;
- kulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwadongosolo;
- otetezeka;
- maganizo womangika.

Kukula ndi chiphunzitso cha Makarenko

masiteji khalidwe la gulu chitukuko ankaona ndi zolembedwa Sukhomlinsky. mphunzitsi ichi, ntchito kwa zaka zambiri mphunzitsi ndi mkulu wa sukulu, potengera mmene iwo anakonza mfundo kwa imene anapanga gulu mwadongosolo ophunzira. Pakati pawo:
- mgwirizano kuwatenga ophunzira;
- Initiative;
- ankachita masewera;
- chuma cha ubale pakati pa ana asukulu ndi aphunzitsi;
- Kugwirizana kwa zinthu;
- ndi otsogolera a aphunzitsi, ndi zina zotero ..

Siteji ya gulu chitukuko tikambirana mabuku awo A. T. Kurakin, Li Novikov ndi ena. Ndipo nthawi imeneyi ndi zosiyana. olemba zimenezi amakhulupirira kuti pa siteji ya chitukuko cha wophunzira gulu pogwirizanitsa ana osati zofunika. Thandizo izi ndi zina njira.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, pali chizolowezi osiyana kumvetsa ndi gulu losonkhanitsidwa anthu amene mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko. Pankhaniyi, mudzi akhale osiyana integrative ntchito, mogwirizana ndi cholinga logwirizana. Kwambiri khalidwe la gulu, monga olemba ano, ndi mlingo wa kukhwima chikhalidwe ndi maganizo. Ndi mbali ndi chinthu chachikulu kwa chilengedwe cha gulu timu. ndi magawo waukulu mapangidwe ake chiyani?

Mu sitepe yoyamba ya gulu gulu ukapezeka yense. commonality iyi imakhala ndi sankadziwika kuti ana wina ndi mnzake amene anasonkhana pa nthawi imodzi mu malo omwewo. Ubale ana mogwirizana nthawi zambiri zachiphamaso ndi situational. Ngati gulu limeneli Ndinapereka dzina, ndiye chidzachitike nominalization. Kukachitika kuti membala timu salandira zinthu kuika patsogolo pawo ndi zolinga, kusintha kwa yense sizinachitike. Zikatero si zachilendo ku mchitidwe sukulu.

Ngati kucheza koyamba zinachitikadi, ndiye timu anatenga udindo wa pulayimale ya. gulu amapita ku gulu, komwe cholinga yense wa mamembala ake ali imene ntchito. Pa mlingo, midadada woyamba anaika mu mapangidwe gulu. Pa limodzi umoyo gulu chimatsatira apamwamba mlingo wa bungwe kusintha ubale lotha.

M'mikhalidwe yabwino ndi gawo kusintha timu chitukuko cha ana. Pa siteji yotsatira aumbike gulu-mgwirizano. Chotero ammudzi ndi osiyana bwino ndi chopindulitsa Kapangidwe ka gulu. Komanso Pankhaniyi pali mkulu mlingo wa gulu mgwirizano ndi kukhala okonzekera. ubale pakati pa mamembala a gulu la co-ntchito ndi malonda ndi Cholinga chake kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi.

lingaliro Lutoshkina

Wolemba imeneyi, gawo lotsatira la chitukuko cha gulu wophunzira:
1. Gawo loyamba - gulu mwadzina. commonality kulipo yokhala ndi ali ankapitabe olowa ndi nthawi. Ngati izi zimachitika mu sukulu, gulu lotchedwa disjointed kalasi.
2. Gawo lachiwiri - gulu la mayanjano. Zimachitika pamaso pa zolinga zofanana kwa anthu ake onse.
3. Mu gawo lachitatu la chitukuko akupezeka Lutoshkina gulu gulu la mgwirizano. Iwo amakhala ndi umodzi wa cholinga, mkulu cohesion ndi njira logwirizana ndi kuthetsa mavuto.
4. Mbali wachinayi - chilengedwe cha gulu kudziyimira pawokha. Izi chimasiyanitsa umodzi mkati cha anthu, kudzikonda anayamba ndi odziwa bwino kuthetsa vutolo.
5. sitepe The chachisanu amakhala ndi gulu maonekedwe gulu. Ichi ndi gawo apamwamba chitukuko cha anthu, onse amene mamembala umanena ndi cholinga wosakwatiwa, komanso zochitika pa njira kukwaniritsa cholingacho. Komanso, gulu limeneli zingaoneke makhalidwe umodzi mkulu ndi changwiro kukonzekera gulu dongosolo.

Taganizirani makhalidwe onse anafotokoza A. N. Lutoshkinym masitepe.

mwadzina gulu

Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko cha gulu maphunziro iye angatchedwe "lotayirira mchenga". Kuyerekezera si mwangozi. Koyamba, mbewu nao pamodzi. Komabe, aliyense wa iwo paokha. Mpweya wa mphepo ingafalire mchenga mbali zonse. Kotero adzakhala mpaka pali winawake amene kosayembekezeka, anapeza iwo mu mulu. Mliriwu akupezeka m'dera anthu pamene magulu ena bungwe mwachindunji kapena anapalamula zinthu. Pa dzanja limodzi onse pamodzi. Koma ena - membala aliyense wa gulu ili lokha. Izi "mchenga gawo" wosatenga kukhutitsidwa ndi chisangalalo.

Gulu-Association

Mbali imeneyi ya gulu chitukuko amatchedwa "Lofewa dongo." Dzina anapatsidwa malo awa si mwangozi. dongo ndi zinthu zimene zikhoza poyera. Mukuwaphunzitsa dzanja, mukhoza sculpt chilichonse. A mbuye wabwino akhoza kupanga chotengera wokongola wa dongo kapena zina zilizonse zodabwitsa. Koma popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mwakhama zinthu adzatsala chabe chidutswa cha nthaka.

Kotero izo ziri mu dziwe la anawo. Pano mbali ya mbuye kungathandize mtsogoleri ofunda, mphunzitsi wa kalasi kapena wophunzira wolemekezeka. Inde, si zonse amapita bwino. Mu timu sadziwa zambiri ndiponso kugwirizana chimodzi. Komabe, panthawi imeneyi kale khama noticeable kugwirizanitsa anthu ammudzi.

A gulu la co-opareshoni

Mbali imeneyi ya gulu chitukuko amatchedwa "chabwino shimmering." Pamenepo gulu siteji akuwafanizira ndi nyanja yamkuntho. Ili pakati mafunde amphamvu anakumana yapamadzi n'kuti chabwino moto amalola kuti musankhe bwino komanso kumabweretsa chikhulupiriro. Pali yekha ayenera kusamala kuti asataye ray yowombola.

Gulu, amene aumbike mwa gulu, komanso amatipatsa aliyense zizindikiro zake membala mutasankha bwino ndi wokonzeka kukongoza kuwathandiza. Ammudzi muno akufuna kugwira ntchito ndi kuthandizana. Udindo wa nyumba ya umagwira kalembera wanu.

Gulu-kudziyimira pawokha

Siteji yotsatira wa timu chitukuko amatchedwa "mathanga chofiira". Izi siteji ya kukhumba mwachidwi, wochezeka kukhulupirika ndi m'chikaiko chowakaikitsa. Chonchi kachitidwe gulu komanso kutsatira mfundo za Musketeers "munthu kwa onse ndi onse limodzi." Apa mu chitukuko cha chidwi losonkhanitsidwa ndi nawo wochezeka zimayenderana ndi wovuta mwagwirizana ndi bwino. Ofunika wa gulu - ndi wodalirika komanso wodziwa okonza, komanso mabwenzi okhulupirika. Iwo ali wokonzeka kuthandiza, monga nkhani ndi konsolo.

A gulu la ogwira

Choncho magawo onse akuluakulu a gulu chitukuko inadutsa ndipo limatuluka kuti gawo lachisanu amatchedwa "muuni". Nzosadabwitsa nthawi imeneyi amagwirizana ndi lawi la moyo. Ndi chifuniro wamba, ubwenzi, ntchito mogwirizana ndi kumvetsa kwabwino. Pa nthawi imeneyi, anapanga gulu lenileni limene konse atseka kuti malire yopapatiza awo ogwirizana ndiponso ochezeka kucheza. Zina mwa anthu izo sizigwira kukhala opanda chidwi mavuto a magulu ena, wotsegula njira zawo monga lodziwika bwino Danko, walawilawi mtima wake.