Sukulu. Zopumira - izo ...

Mawu "zopumira" amabwera kwa ife Latin. Kwenikweni punctum - "mfundo." Zopumira - dongosolo kuti amaphunzira zizindikiro zopumira ndi zinthu zisudzo awo bwana. Ndi kofunikira kuti ntchito? Ndi kumvetsa ndi popereka mauthenga chidziwitso pang'ono luso zilembo ndi kulemba?

mwachidule

Letters, kutanthauza phokoso, mau anapanga. Kudzera mwa iwo, anthu kulankhula. Koma kumvetsa nthawi zina insufficiently anamva katchulidwe ka mawu a mu dongosolo linalake. Kulankhula, anthu ntchito intonations osiyana, tsopano kulera, tsopano kutsitsa kamvekedwe. Choncho, chimakhudza womverayo anati. Pakati pa mawu kapena magulu munthu wa iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito intervals wa amayesetsa osiyana. Popanda zinthu zonsezi akhoza kuchita, chifukwa amaika malingaliro a mthunzi zina tanthauzo. Kulankhula ndi mawu ako, Kuimaima umatha popereka mauthenga interlocutor. Ndipo momwe angachitire izo zonse kwa munthu amene analemba Mwachitsanzo, uthenga? Monga kunalembedwa mwaluso azipereka maganizo awo ndi otani? Bwanji kufotokoza maganizo anu? Kuti zimenezi kudzakuthandizani zopumira. Ichi ndi chida chimene chimathandiza kudziwa intonation pa kalatayo.

mtengo

Pa ndime ndi kalembedwe zopumira - ndi mbali yofunika ya dongosolo zithunzi za chinenero chilichonse. Chidziwitso cha kolowera zolondola zosonyeza osiyana zopumira ndi zoyenera monga kalembedwe ka polojekiti. Popanda ichi, padzakhala molondola ndi chokwanira cha zili m'bukuli. Kodi zitenga onse amene kuwerenga ndi kumvetsetsa anazindikira mfundo kuperekedwa liti? Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kuika mu chiyankhulo cha Amalawi malamulo atakhala zopumira. Mu kalata ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, iwo akhoza kukhala ndi likutipatsa chithunzi, koma losiyana ndi mtengo wake, choncho chikhalidwe ntchito. Koma chinthu chachikulu si izo. Nkofunika kuti oimira chinenero chimodzi ndipo akumvetsa kufunika lakuti chilemba cha zopumira.

mbali

Russian zopumira Tingaone m'njira yopapatiza ndi yotakata. Mbali yoyamba tikulankhula zopumira zofunika. Aliyense akudziwa kuti pamapeto a maganizo alionse kuika kufika. Kusamutsa ndi intonation interrogative, mawu a maganizo mitundu tikusowa funso kapena zizindikiro modabwa, ellipsis. Izi kutha kwa mawuwo. Nthawi zina gawo la malembedwe ali anapatukana ndi koma, semicolon, mukapeza, m'matumbo. Iwo amatchedwa zizindikiro "amatanthauza" chiweruzo. Yosangalatsa gawo zovuta nyumba syntactic n'zotheka mwa zinthu awiri (dashes kapena mipatuliro), m'mabokosi ndi zizindikiro ogwidwawo. Iwo wophatikizidwa zizindikiro excretory. Palimodzi pali khumi. Pakuti kulemba kulemba ndi kumvetsa zimene ophunzira ayenera kudziwa za mmene wakhala aliyense wa iwo.

Monzama kulankhula zopumira - Kodi njira ya gulu okhudza malo a lembalo. Pano mukhoza kulankhula za gulu la indentation, malo, asterisks ndi zizindikiro zina. M'kupita kwa ndondomeko maphunziro ndi iwo, nawonso, ayenera kudziwa ophunzira. Izi ndi zofunika kuti limvetse mokwanila malamulo a kamangidwe ndi kumanga lembalo. The yonse ndi zambiri mawu ndi malamulo a zopumira tikuuzidwa ana pambuyo kalasi 7. Pamaso kuti iwo adalandira mfundo yekha anamwazikana monga zopumira. Kalasi 8 amapereka zambiri mozama a dongosolo la zopumira zizindikiro chuma. Ndi kuzindikira kuti ntchito zinthu likutipatsa a m'lemba wasweka mu zidutswa, kulemba mbali ya dongosolo la wadutsa syntactic wagawo ndi intonation ake.

chifukwa zopumira mayeso

Mothandizidwa ndi ntchito yapadera kompyuta, mungawerenge msinkhu wawo chidziwitso mbali imeneyi. Tikuyesa limasonyeza zolakwa ambiri adzasonyeza zifukwa zawo. ayamikira, amene adzapatsidwa mwayi pambuyo kukhazikitsa ndi kutsimikizira ntchito, kuthandiza kupewa zolakwa m'tsogolo. dongosolo limeneli likupezeka ophunzira sekondale, Mamembala yunivesite ndi aphunzitsi a chinenero cha Chirasha, komanso anthu amene utakhala chikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa kulemba awo ndi kuyesa izo mwa ena.

m'mbiri

Mapangidwe zopumira Russian anali pachiyambi cha m'ma 19. Kumbali, chinali ofanana ndi chiphunzitso cha malamulo a zizindikiro zopumira m'zinenero zina European. Koma zopumira ndi osiyana zaka zapitazi chibwenzi. Mu Lazaro wakale 'mawu ndi ziganizo si anapatukana. Alembi ntchito yawo ntchito zizindikiro monga mfundo mtanda mzere wavy. Patapita nthawi mu kulemba ndi kuyamba chibwenzi m'matumbo, m'mabokosi, funso chizindikiro. The pofuna kukwaniritsa dongosolo anakhudzidwa ndi kumayambiriro mlandu typographic. Ndi chiyambi chabe cha m'ma 19, pamene anapanga masiku Russian chinenero zolembalemba, kulimbikitsa mfundo yaikulu ya lamanja, ndi wina ntchito zonse za zizindikiro zopumira. Pa nthawi yomweyo odziwika bwino woimira kalembedwe sayansi M. V. Lomonosov amayamba ntchito yake yaikulu: izo amalenga "Russian Galamala" (1755). Munthu uyu mu ntchito yake wafunsira kwa zopumira Russian sayansi.

asayansi

Anapitiriza ntchito ya mwana wake Lomonosov, pulofesa University Moscow, A. A. Barsov. Iye momveka, molondola ndiponso momveka bwino malamulo a zopumira Russian mu ntchito ya sayansi. Koma ake "Galamala" wafika ife kokha mu mawonekedwe pamanja. mudziwe kwambiri mwadongosolo komanso mwadongosolo za zopumira anapereka Academician J. K. Groth m'buku lake "Russian kalembedwe". Kwa zaka zambiri ndinaphunzira mbiri ndi mapangidwe chinenero ndi mafelemu payekha. Bukuli - woyamba m'dziko lathu, akonzedwa a kalembedwe ndi zopumira malamulo. Groth ntchito odziwika bwino kuti anatsutsana ndi Mabaibulo makumi awiri asanamvetsetse 1917.