Makalasi a IP-maadiresi. IP-maadiresi a kalasi A, B, C

IP - ndi protocol, amene ntchito ndi zopezera kwambiri ka zipangizo awiri lonse maukonde zambiri. IP-adiresi - wapadera dzina kwa mfundo inayake (chipangizo), allocated kuti zopezera ena.

Kujambula IP-adiresi

Adiresi zikuwoneka ngati 32-bit chiwerengero mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0 kuti 4294967295. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mu Intaneti anyamula maadiresi oposa biliyoni 4 wapadera kwathunthu maofesi. Ngati maadiresi mbiri mu mawonekedwe bayinare kapena decimal, izo zimayambitsa kusapeza awo kuloweza awo kapena processing. Choncho, wosalira kulemba maadiresi awa, anaganiza kugawanitsa adilesi zonse mu octets anayi (8-bit chiwerengero), wosiyana ndi dontho a. Mwachitsanzo: adiresi imene Hex zikuwoneka ngati S0290612 kungosunga IP-maadiresi lidzaonekera 192.41.6.18. Pankhaniyi, keyala wotsikitsitsa - izi ndi maziro zinayi, ndi pazipita - magulu anayi wa 255. Malo wamkulu (limene lili pa magulu kumanzere mbali ya kanjedza ku mfundo ina iliyonse kulekanitsa) wotanganidwa malo adiresi, m'dera wamng'ono (kumanja yomweyi magawano mfundo ) chimasonyeza chiwerengero cha mawonekedwe pa maukonde kuti. Udindo wa malire pakati pa khamu ndi gawo maukonde zimadalira chiwerengero cha Akamva kuti anawatengera ku nambala maukonde ndi osiyana, kulekana ndi chabe octet malire (mpaka pakati pa iwo) ndi limakupatsani kuthandauza makalasi a IP-maadiresi.

maadiresi kalasi lachitsanzo

Angapo zaka maadiresi ali unagawika makalasi 5. Iwo amatha pa nthawiyo, magawano amatchedwa akulankhula polnoklassovoy. Makalasi a IP-maadiresi amatchedwa zilembo kuchokera A kuti E. Makalasi A kuti E n'zotheka kuti mwachindunji identifiers kwa Intaneti 128 ndi 16 miliyoni a polumikizira zopezera aliyense, zipangizo 16.384 maukonde ndi 64 zikwi ndi 2 miliyoni Intaneti ndi 256 polumikizira. Intaneti IP ofotokoza Makalasi D Amawapatsa kwa multicasting, imene mapaketi uthenga wotumidwa kwa makamu angapo nthawi imodzi. Maadiresi amene ali koyamba Akamva 1111 akusungidwira ntchito m'tsogolo.

Pansipa pali tebulo ya IP-maadiresi. Makalasi anafotokozedwa ndi mkulu Akamva adiresi.

kalasi A

IP-maadiresi a kalasi A yodziwika ndi kutsogolera ziro pang'ono ndi atatu-bit adiresi kukula yoperekedwa kwa maukonde. Olembedwa mu mawonekedwe:

Motero, ambiri amene Intaneti Maphunziro A kungakhale 2 ^7, koma aliyense wa iwo adzayenera adiresi danga la ²⁴ zipangizo ^February. Popeza pang'ono loyamba adiresi 0, ndiye onse IP-adiresi ya kalasi A adzakhala mkulu-kuti octet osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0 kuti 127, zomwe Komanso, adzakhala maukonde ndi chiwerengero. Pankhaniyi, keyala ziro ndi 127 akusungidwira maadiresi malonda, chotero sangathe ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, chiŵerengero Intaneti Maphunziro A liri 126.

Mu adiresi mfundo m'kalasi maukonde A anatumizidwa 3 mabayiti (kapena 24 Tinthu). Zambiri mawerengedwe limasonyeza kuti n'zotheka kuziyika 16777216 bayinare osakaniza (mawonekedwe maadiresi). Popeza maadiresi wopangidwa kwathunthu cha ziro ndi anthu, ndi apadera, ndiye kalasi A chiwerengero maukonde yafupika maadiresi 16.777.214.

Makalasi B ndi C

Waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ya la B IP-adiresi adzakhala kufunika kwa awiri Akamva kwambiri wofanana 10. Kukula kwa gawo maukonde ndi wofanana 16 Tinthu. Mtundu wa maukonde chiri motere:

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero chachikulu cha kalasi B maukonde kungakhale 2 ¹⁴ (16384) ndi adiresi danga pa February ¹⁶ aliyense. IP-maadiresi a kalasi B chiyambi pa osiyanasiyana kuchokera 128 mpaka 191. Ndi mbali imene tingadziwire maukonde wachokera ku gulu. mabayiti awiri, anatchulidwa maadiresi Intaneti awa, opanda ziro ndi ongokhala mayunitsi maadiresi akhoza kupanga chiwerengero cha mfundo wofanana 65.534.

Aliyense IP-adiresi ndi Maphunziro C ayamba mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 192 mpaka 223, ndi nambala maukonde akuchita atatu kutsogolera octet. Schematically adiresi ali kapangidwe zotsatirazi:

Atatu Akamva oyamba 110, 24-bit maukonde gawo. Nambala yaikulu Intaneti mu kalasi ndi 2 ²¹ (2097152 maukonde izi). Pansi maadiresi mfundo mu IP-adiresi Intaneti kalasi C ndi 1 mamvekedwe, ndi 254 makamu.

makalasi zina zopezera

Mu D ndi E makalasi monga maukonde ndi octet apamwamba pamwamba 224. maadiresi awa zosungikira zolinga wapadera monga Mwachitsanzo, multicasting - kufala kwa datagrams magulu enieni mfundo mu maukonde.

Maphunziro D osiyanasiyana ntchito chifukwa chotumiza mapaketi ndi mabodza osiyanasiyana kuchokera 224.0.0.0 kuti 239.255.255.255. Last kalasi E akudikira ntchito m'tsogolo. Pamafunikanso adiresi ya 240.0.0.0 kuti 255.255.255.255. Choncho, ngati simukufuna mavuto ndi polankhula, ndi bwino osati kutenga IP-maadiresi a ranges izi.

Otetezedwa IP-maadiresi

Pali limakhudzanso angathe sudzaperekedwa kwa zipangizo iliyonse, chirichonse chimene IP-polankhula. Zida IP-maadiresi ndi cholinga. Mwachitsanzo, ngati adiresi maukonde tichipeza ziro, zikutanthauza kuti mfundo ananena kuti maukonde panopa kapena gawo makamaka. Ngati mayunitsi onse - kuti ndi Adilesi Kuwulutsa mapaketi mailings.

Mu kalasi A, pali awiri wapadera odzipereka maukonde ndi manambala 0 ndi 127. Nkhani ziro ntchito ngati njira kusakhulupirika, ndi 127 mapulogalamu akulankhula yokha (a loopback mawonekedwe). Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a IP 127.0.0.1 zikutanthauza kuti mfundo za amalankhulira yekha ndi popanda yonyamuka datagrams pa sing'anga deta. Pakuti kugwirizana zoyendera wosanjikiza si wosiyana kugwirizana ndi gulu lakutali, kotero adiresi ndi loopback kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa maukonde mapulogalamu.

KUFOTOKOZERA Mayina maukonde ndi khamu

Kudziwa IP-adiresi chipangizo ngati pamene pali funso mmene kudziwa kalasi ya IP-adiresi, ndiye amayang'anira pa octet loyamba adiresi. Ngati ndi 1 126, kalasi maukonde A, kuchokera 128 mpaka 191 - Kagulu B network kuchokera 192 mpaka 223 - maukonde kalasi C.

Kudziwa maukonde tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mu kalasi A ndiye poyambira chiwerengero mu IP-adiresi B - koyamba manambala awiri C - koyamba manambala atatu. Ena identifiers wa polumikizira maukonde (mfundo). Mwachitsanzo, IP-adiresi ndi adiresi ya 139.17.54.23 kalasi B, kuyambira nambala choyamba - 139 - woposa 128 ndi zosakwana 191. Choncho, maukonde dzina ndiyofanana 139.17.0.0, mfundo dzina - 54,23.

subnet

Mothandizidwa ndi routers ndi milatho ndi mwayi kukuza maukonde anu powonjezera zigawo izo, kapena muchigawane mu subnet ang'onoang'ono ndi kusintha ID maukonde. Mu mulandu anatengedwa subnet chigoba zimene zikusonyeza zomwe gawo IP-adilesi ntchito ngati dzina la subnet latsopano. Pamene Mayina ndinu yemweyo, dziwani kuti mfundo za subnet chomwecho, mwinamwake adzakhala mu subnet osiyana ndi rauta kufunika kugwirizana nawo.

IP-maadiresi makalasi tinapangidwa kotero kuti nambala inayake malo mgwirizano ndi kumatanthauza pasadakhale. Ndi kusakhulupirika, gulu akhoza atumiza yekha amalumikizana limodzi ndi chiwerengero cha zipangizo zopezera-olumikizidwa. Pali zina zopezera dzina ndi nambala ya mfundo kukhala chiletso malinga ndi kalasi maukonde. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mfundo maukonde adzakhala otsika bandiwifi, chifukwa ngakhale ndi aliyense ntchito Kuwulutsa adzagwa.

masks subnet

Pofuna kugawa ID, muyenera ntchito subnet chigoba - chitsanzo chimenechi limathandiza kusiyanitsa ndi ID maukonde ku identifiers ndi mfundo mu IP-maadiresi. Makalasi IP-adiresi si kukakamiza anthu yosaloledwa subnet chigoba. Amabisa kunja awoneka mofanana monga adiresi - magulu anayi a manambala kuchokera 0 kuti 255. Choncho, poyamba pali ambiri a iwo ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, 255.255.248.0 - izi ndi zolondola subnet chigoba, 255.248.255.0 - cholakwika. Chigoba 255.255.255.0 amasonyeza koyamba octets atatu a IP-adiresi ngati ID subnet.

Pamene angagwiritse ndi ogwira ntchito zopezera kugawanika amafuna kuti IP-Polankhula ndi bungwe molondola. Makalasi a IP-maadiresi anapatukana mu zigawo mwa masks, silingakhoze kokha kuonjezera chiwerengero cha makompyuta pa maukonde, komanso bungwe ntchito zake. Aliyense m'kalasi ali adiresi achilungamo maukonde zotsatira.

palibe chigoba kusakhulupirika kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa subnets zina ndi munthu. Mwachitsanzo, IP-adiresi 170.15.1.120 akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito subnet chigoba 255.255.255.0 kwa ID maukonde 170.15.1.0, si koyenera kuti ntchito subnet achilungamo 255.255.0.0 ndi ID 170.15.0.0, ndilo ofikira. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti unagawanika alipo gulu Maphunziro B maukonde ndi ID 170.15.0.0 subnets ntchito masks osiyana.

Mawerengedwe a subnets magawo

Pambuyo zoikamo subnet pa chilichonse mapulogalamu mawonekedwe protocol maukonde azichititsa kafukufuku wa IP-maadiresi ntchito subnet chigoba kudziwa adiresi subnet. Pali awiri mitunduyi wosavuta kuwerengetsa nambala pazipita subnets ndi makamu pa maukonde:

• 2 ^{(nambala ya Akamva Angafanane ndi mu maonekedwe a)} - 2 = kwambiri chiwerengero cha subnets;
• 2 ^{(chiwerengero cha ziro mu subnet chigoba)} - 2 = pazipita chiwerengero cha zipangizo pa subnet a.

Mwachitsanzo, kutenga adiresi wofanana 182.16.52.10 ndi chigoba 255.255.224.0. Chigoba mu bayinare zikuwoneka ngati izi: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. Kuweruza ndi octet woyamba ndi maukonde wa kalasi B Choncho, tikambirana wachitatu ndi wachinayi octets. Atatu mayunitsi ndi khumi ndi ziro mu njira ndi kupeza 23-2 = 6 subnets ndi 213 - 2 = 8190 makamu.

Pamene ntchito muyezo maukonde kalasi B monga chigoba 255.255.255.0 65534 maukonde mwina agwirizana zipangizo. Ngati subnet adiresi mamvekedwe ali ndi mfundo zonse, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha zipangizo zikugwirizana aliyense subnetwork yafupika 254. Pamene m'pofunika upambana chiwerengero cha zipangizo akhoza mavuto anathana ndi zowononga munda subnet chigoba adiresi kapena Kuwonjezera adiresi wina sekondale ku mawonekedwe rauta. Koma mu nkhani iyi, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha Intaneti zotheka udzachitika.

Pamene munakonza subnets mu kalasi C network kudziwa kuti kusankha adzakhala ochepa, ufulu octet chimodzi chokha. Pamene sifting ziro ndi adiresi Kuwulutsa ndi kuthekera kulenga waika anayi mungachite bwino subnets: subnet wina mwamantha 253, awiri subnet 125 makamu subnets anayi pa 61 khamu eyiti subnets 29 makamu. mitundu ina ya kugawa adzachititsa mavuto yolozera ndi wailesi kapena chifukwa mavuto basi mwa mawerengedwe akukambirana pakati pa makamu.

Kupanga subnet mu Intaneti kalasi B n'chiti, monga ufulu wosankha. The kusakhulupirika subnet chigoba ndi 255.255.0.0, pamene ntchito kupeza 65534 khamu. Polenga masks pansi maadiresi awo subnet zigwire kuchokera kumanzere untagged Akamva 3 ndi 4 octets. Akhoza anachokera mwa mawerengedwe maukonde mulingo woyenera ndi manambala 32, 64, 96, 128, 160 ndi 192.

zopezera Maphunziro A ali ochuluka zedi maadiresi amene n'zotheka kulenga subnet. Ntchito subnet masks angagwiritsidwe ntchito mpaka 32 Tinthu. Kugwiritsa chilinganizo pamwamba, tingadziwire nambala pazipita subnets kuti kungakhale kwa 254. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa adiresi khamu 16 Tinthu, n'zotheka kulumikiza 65534 mfundo.

Kumene, ichi ndi kuwerengetsera idzatha. Polenga kumabungwe ndi subnetting n'kofunika kuganizira zinthu zambiri, amene amadalira WOPEREKA ndi mlingo ntchito.