Makhalidwe abwino a liberalism

A nzika kwa anthu amakono demokalase N'zovuta kulingalira kuti zaka 100 zokha zapitazo, makolo ake analibe theka wabwino wa ufulu ndi mwayi umene tsopano lache onse. Komanso, sadziwa zonse ndi kuti ambiri mwa ufulu wa anthu, limene ife tiri onyada a lero, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri liberalism. Tiyeni tipeze mtundu wa azimuth ndi akatswiri zimene mfundo zikuluzikulu.

Liberalism - ndi chiyani ichi?

Malinga ndi mawu lotchedwa nthanthi chochitika amene anali ngati maziko mapangidwe mfundo zimene amaona mtengo wapamwamba wa anthu, pamaso pa mamembala angapo a ufulu ndi kumasulika.

Otsatira mfundo zimenezi amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa munthu ayenera anawonjezera kuti mbali zonse za moyo. Pachifukwa ichi, olekanitsidwa chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale liberalism.

Phata mfundo za mfundo ankaona lolunjika osati pa moyo wa anthu onse ndi pa nthumwi uliwonse. Choncho, olekerera amakhulupirira kuti athandize nzika iliyonse adzakhala basi kuyambitsa kutukuka kwa dziko lonse, osati mosemphanitsa.

The etymology akuti ndi mwachidule mbiri

Mawu "liberalism", oddly mokwanira, ndi mofananira mayina a opanga awiri odziwika bwino mtundu wa mankhwala ukhondo - Libero ndi Libresse. Onse oterewa ali lachokera ku Latin mawu liber - "mfulu" ndiponso libertatem - "ufulu".

Kenako anafika m'zinenero zambiri mawu akuti "ufulu." Chitaliyana izo libertà, English - ufulu, mu French - liberté, Spanish - libertad.

Chiyambi cha malingaliro pansi kulingalira angapezeke ku Roma. Choncho, m'mbiri yonse ya ufumu pakati patricians ndi (otchuka ofanana) ndi plebeians (nzika za chiyambi wodzichepetsa, ankatengedwa wachiwiri kalasi) nthawi zonse mtsutso pa ufulu wofanana ndi udindo pamaso pa lamulo. Pankhaniyi, mmodzi wa nzeru ena a mafumu (Marko Avrely) mu zolemba zake za dongosolo la ndale za anthu ndi boma abwino monga ina imene anthu onse ndi ofanana kaya anachokera.

Kwa zaka izi, nthawi andale ambiri kupata ndi nzeru ena anafika ndi maganizo kufunika reorient anthu ndi mfundo owolowa manja. Nthawi zambiri, uyu akubwera pa nthawi imene nzika wokhumudwa mu ufumu mtheradi (mphamvu ndi ufulu kwa amazikonda anthu otchuka) kapena pa kayendetsedwe ka dziko mwa mpingo.

Anzeru odziwika bwino kwambiri, kulimbikitsa zikhulupiliro ndi maloto a liberalism - ndi Niccolo Machiavelli, Dzhon Lokk, Sharl Lui de A Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Devid Yum, Immanuel Kant ndi Adam Smith.

Dziwani kuti Chiwerengerochi onse osati nthawizonse zakhala agwirizana kumvetsetsa zimene ndendende akhale malingaliro zimafalitsidwa ndi iwo.

Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa zopunthwitsa inali nkhani ya chuma payekha. chakuti kukhalapo kwake ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za anthu a. Komabe, m'zaka XVIII-XIX. ambiri a chuma mu boma aliyense anali anaikira mu osankhika akulamulira, kutanthauza kuti kokha iye ingathandize wakukhala ndi ufulu onse ndi ufulu liberalisticheskoy mfundo. Komabe, izi ndi zosiyana ndi mfundo mwayi ofanana kwa anthu onse.

Mwa njira, ndi mikangano anali pafupifupi iliyonse ya makhalidwe abwino a liberalism. Choncho, ambiri a mafunso chifukwa ntchito za mphamvu. Ena anzeru ankakhulupirira kuti ayenera anawaikira lamulo, popanda n'kusokoneza mu ndondomeko iliyonse.

Komabe, udindo uwu wachita m'manja a anthu olamulira chabe chifukwa kuletsa thandizo boma kuti mamembala chiopsezo cha anthu. Komanso analenga lachonde kwa monopolization za bizinesi, chimene chinali chosiyana kwa mfundo ya msika chuma ufulu. Mwa njira, mu United States (dziko yoyamba padziko lonse, abverana kuti amange anthu okha zochita malinga ndi mfundo aufulu) si kuwasokoneza a boma mu chitukuko cha njira chuma kwachititsa kuti Great Depression. Pambuyo anaganiza kusintha mfundo imeneyi ndi kulola akuluakulu kugwira ntchito zolimbana mu dera zachuma. Zodabwitsa, pang'ono kuposa zaka 70, nkhanza za ufulu umenewu pa zikamera wa mavuto mu 2008

Chifukwa mu Russian Ufumu mawu "aufulu" anali a apamtima zoipa

Monga bwino zimenezi kuchokera pa etymology akuti "liberalism", mfundo izi mu mtima potipatsa ufulu payekha. Nanga n'chifukwa m'chilankhulo cha Russian mawu akuti ali apamtima zoipa?

chakuti anthu anzeru owolowa manja pafupifupi onse mibadwo zionetsero olamulira unrestricted bwino nufuna kuti anthu onse anali ofanana pamaso pa lamulo kaya ndi ndi chuma.

Iwo anatsutsa lingaliro chiyambi cha Mulungu wa mphamvu, kukhulupirira kuti mutu wa boma ayenera kukhala kuti athandize anthu ake osati ntchito kukwaniritsa zokhumba zawo ndi zokhumba.

Mwachibadwa, ndi maganizo oterewa kwa osankhika chigamulo m'mayiko ambiri monarchical sitingakhale kuonedwa bwino. Chifukwa cha ichi, m'zaka XVIII. mu Russian Ufumu ndi mphamvu British zoipa anazindikira malingaliro owolowa manja, ndi mawu amenewa pabwino yokha koopsa ufulu kuganiza.

Zodabwitsa, koma patatha zaka 100 Ufumu wa Britain anali ndikusinthidwa maganizo pa mfundo imeneyi ndi mawu akuti amamuonera mtengo zabwino, komanso dziko lonse lapansi.

Koma mu Russia, ngakhale ulimi wa 1917 ndi kusintha kwakukulu dongosolo la dzikolo, anthu dzina la Mafunde ndi akatswiri mfundo akugwiranso apamtima negative.

mfundo yaikulu ya Liberalism

Popeza anachitira ndi tanthauzo ndi chiyambi cha akuti pansi review, m'pofunika kudziwa mfundo za yeniyeni akuchokera:

• Ufulu.
• Anthu azikhala.
• ufulu wa anthu.
• zipani
• Nomokratiya.
• Egalitarianism.
• Rationalism.
• Progressivism.

ufulu

Zothandiza aliyense wa iwo pakumva za mfundo yofunika ya liberalism kwambiri.

Choyamba ndi ufulu wa munthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti aliyense wa gulu la anthu ali ndi ufulu kusankha umasinthasintha ntchito, chipembedzo, njira ya moyo ndi kavalidwe, chokhudza nkhani yogonana, banja, chiwerengero cha ana, ndi zina zotero N..

Ufulu ufulu ndi mwamtheradi anthu onse, popanda kugawa iwo ndi fuko ndi kalasi. M'mawu ena, ufulu wa munthu aliyense Mzimuyo ufulu lonse la anthu, ndipo si mosemphanitsa.

Mu theorists zaufulu ndi madokotala ankadziwa kuti mzere wa pakati pa ufulu ndi kulekerera ndi woonda kwambiri. Ndipo nthawi zambiri khalidwe limodzi aipeza chovomerezeka, akhoza zoipa mpaka kalekale kwa ena. Pachifukwa ichi, tikambirana mfundo za zikutanthauza ufulu wa anthu malamulo.

anthu azikhala

Mwa mfundo zina owolowa manja kutchulidwa anthu azikhala. Mosiyana ndi zokomera onse, anthu si lolunjika pa kuyesera kugwirizanitsa anthu onse magulu (ankafuna kwambiri kwa onse yomweyo). Cholinga chake - kufuna kudzapeza chitukuko cha kulenga payekha lililonse.

ufulu

Komanso, m'dziko owolowa manja, nzika ali osiyanasiyana mwachilungamo lonse la ufulu. Imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi mwayi chuma payekha ndi malonda.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ngati munthu akachita bwino - sizitanthauza kuti kwenikweni anali kudya.

The NGODYA ZA CHIKULUPILIRO ZA liberalism ndi egalitarianism nomokratiya

Ngakhale akuoneka connivance ubwenzi ndi khalidwe la nzika, malingaliro owolowa manja ndi moyenera ndithu. Kuwonjezera ambiri a ufulu (anamanga ofotokoza), anthu ena amene ali ndi udindo pamaso pa lamulo. Ndipo kutsogolo ndiye muli chilichonse kwa mfumu / pulezidenti / wolamulira osauka nzika pokhala.

mfundo zina zofunika ndi mfundo za liberalism - sitili pa gulu la anthu m'magulu (egalitarianism). Malinga ndi mfundo, mwamtheradi nzika zonse osati ndi ufulu wofanana ndi ntchito, komanso mwayi.

Choncho, palibe kanthu chimene banja mwana anabadwa, ngati iye ali talente ndipo amayesetsa kukhala izo - zimathandiza kuti aphunzire ndi ntchito mu mabungwe yabwino ya boma.

Ngati mbewu ya banja mkulu wobadwa ndi olemera - yawo, sakhoza bwino sekondale dipuloma ndi kutenga udindo wofunika pansi pa chitetezero cha makolo ndipo ndi zokhazo zimene umafuna.

Dziwani kuti zoyambira za egalitarianism zinali mu Ufumu wa Roma. Ndiye, zodabwitsazi ankatchedwa "makasitomala omwe ankabwera". Mfundo yofunika anali kuti rootless, koma luso anthu (iwo anali kutchedwa "makasitomala") Kodi apeze zothandizira mipingo yawo ya mabanja yodalirika ndiponso kulowa zikuchokera zawo pa maziko ofanana. Pomaliza ogula amgwirizano mgwirizano thandizo, nzika amenewa apatsidwa mwayi wa andale kapena ntchito ina iliyonse. Motero, nzika luso anapatsidwa mwayi kuzindikira angathe kuti athandize boma.

otchuka Roma (a patricians) akhala analimbana ndi makasitomala omwe ankabwera, ngakhale zachititsa kuti chuma cha ufumuwo. Pamene ufulu wa makasitomala anakwanitsa kuchepetsa, mtundu wamphamvu mu dziko wagwa zaka zambirimbiri.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti azimuth ofanana unkachitika pasanafike kamodzi mu mbiri. Ngati anthu kwathunthu kapena pang'ono waived elitist - izo bwino. Ndipo pamene anakana ndi egalitarianism - stagnation anayamba, ndipo pambuyo kuchepa mphamvu.

zipani

Poganizira mfundo andale a liberalism, ayenera kulabadira zipani. Dzina limeneli ndi mmene iliyonse yokhudza kungakhale imodzi malingaliro angapo, ndipo palibe mmodzi wa iwo alibe ukulu.

Ndale, zodabwitsazi kumathandiza kuti dongosolo Mipikisano phwando; mu chipembedzo - kuthekera coexistence mtendere wa zipembedzo zosiyana (achipembedzo zipani).

Rationalism ndi progressivism

Koposa zonse za pamwamba, mbali liberalism mukukhulupirira chipambane ikuyendera ndi mwayi kusintha dziko, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomveka.

Malinga ndi iwo, mwayi wa sayansi ndi maganizo a anthu ndi lalitali kwambiri, ndipo ngati ntchito mwanzeru kwa phindu pagulu - dzikoli adzaphuka ngakhale kwa zaka zikwizikwi.

The mfundo ndi mfundo za liberalism, tinganene kuti mfundo imeneyi chiphunzitso, mmodzi wa kupata kwambiri mu dziko. Komabe, ngakhale kuti kukongola maganizo, kukhazikitsa ena a iwo, mu kuchita, sikuti kungathandize kuti mukufuna. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, masiku ano malingaliro ambiri mwapang'onopang'ono chitukuko owolowa manja demokalase, ngakhale kuti adakali opanda ungwiro.