- Ufulu ndi ... Ufulu nzika. Chilamulo ndi Ufulu

KUFOTOKOZERA mfundo ufulu nthawi zonse wachititsa zambiri mtsutso mwa chilamulo, nzeru ena, azambiriyakale, afilosofi ndiponso olemba. Chifukwa cha ichi pali kutanthauzira atatu: tsiku ndi tsiku (mbiri yakale), ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo. Komanso, n'zosatheka kuganizira mfundo imeneyi ndi nkhani inayake.

Lingaliro la ufulu mbiri

Anthu nyengo yonse linakhalapo, akufuna kumasulidwa ku chinachake kapena wina kapena chinachake. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kudalira anthu pa zochitika, kaya ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe kapena boma, amaona ngati malire a malo amoyo ndi kumabweretsa kumasulidwa mwa njira iliyonse. Asayansi chimatanthauza ufulu wina ofunika monga chinthu chachikulu patsogolo luso ndi andale. Kumvetsetsa ufulu wa mbiri yakale - ndi ndondomeko yomenyera chinyengo ndi zotsatira za m'mbuyomu. Ngakhale Homer podziwa kuti tikukhala mu dziko kwawo, ndi kupeza ndi salamulidwa ndi aliyense. Plato zimaoneka mu chifuniro kufuna bwino bwino, si kudzilekanitsa anthu. Mu mawunikidwe ake, amasonyeza ufulu pazipita - ubwenzi. Wotsutsana ndi tanthauzo limeneli la Aristotle mu mtima, ponena kuti munthu - chithunzi yodziŵika kuchuluka kwa kusankha, ndi zolengedwa zina.

Mu malingaliro Middle Ages ufulu kukhota yatsopano, ndi chifuniro amamvedwa monga chimene Mulungu watipatsa. Ndipo amajambulapo maluwa okongola ngati zamulungu unkagwiritsidwa madera ambiri nthawi imeneyi. Dzuwa likulowa, Zapakati ntchito za Martina Lyutera mu mzere kuika malamulo, ufulu ndi kumasulika.

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano amakhala ndi motsatana anthropocentric, ndiye ufulu - Cholinga yekha, lonjezo la chiwombolo cha machimo ndi kuthekera akuyandikira kwa Mulungu. Pofika kumapeto kwa Age Chatsopano mu mbiri ya tanthauzo la mfundo yafalikira m'njira zamakono, ndicho, ngati kupanda zoletsa chifuniro cha munthu, mwanzeru.

The nthanthi mfundo ufulu

Kumvetsa nzeru za ufulu pafupifupi palibe chosiyana maganizo a mbiri yakale. Koma Democritus ankanena kuti lamulo - ndi Kutulukira zoipa, amuna anzeru ayenera kukhala mwa ufulu, kusamvera malamulo. Tanthauzo ili, kani, ali ndi katundu zopindulitsa ndiponso amapeza zimaonetsa chisokonezo kuposa tanthauzo woona ufulu. Koma chisokonezo ndi zowononga chikhalidwe cha boma ndi kulikonse. Spinoza kutanthauziridwa monga nkhanza wa kusamvera ndi kukana kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za malamulo a Mulungu chifukwa chakuti kupembedza, kudzichepetsa, anthu ankaona katundu. Nayenso Hegel pang'ono anafotokoza kudziwa kwake, ndi anatsimikiza ufulu umenewu - ndi chikhumbokhumbo umboni kuti asiye zofooka ndi kusokonezeka mwa boma. Koma makamaka nzeru za chiphunzitso cha unachokera mu nthawi ya maonekedwe ake ndi institutalizatsii. Chifukwa nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi kumvetsetsa ufulu ku maganizo ndi chiphunzitso cha malamulo achilengedwe, chimene anthu onse ali poyambirira kokha, ndiye kuti chiphunzitso ichi anapanga maziko a malamulo a mayikowo malamulo a Aroma. akale ofufuza nzeru za bwino kuzindikira ufulu chirichonse, izo sizingakhale malire. Kudziwa zimenezi wa oimira Consolidated nzeru za Agiriki German, kenako anapanga maziko a nzeru za Marxism. Zotengera malingaliridwe mbali amamvetsa ufulu wina ofunika ngati chinachake analengedwa ndi maganizo a anthu, poyankha yemweyo kungoganiza malire. Kuyambira nzeru Kant a amatha kusiyanitsa cholinga mbali ali ndi zofooka, koma ndi boma mu mawonekedwe a malamulo. Chifukwa cha kuzindikira nthanthi ndi kuonetsetsa ufulu umenewu - chinachake sakhala malamulo alionse, kaya malire a malingaliro kapena mawu a lamulo, koma palibe malire ndipo palibe ludzu chifuniro.

Mapangidwe ufulu malamulo

Monga taonera kale, maziko a chikhulupiriro cha "ufulu mwalamulo" chinaikidwa mbali ya cholinga aumunthu. Ngakhale chiphunzitso cha lamulo la zolengedwa akuyitana onse ofanana, koma dziko lililonse umamangidwa ndi Constitution ndi popereka malire a zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana chigawenga.

ufulu wa anthu

Lingaliro ufulu wa anthu, komanso kumasulira tanthauzo la ufulu ndi yogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso wa lamulo la zolengedwa. Pa nthawi imene Rute ubale chikhalidwe ufulu wa anthu anakonza zipangizo mayiko osiyanasiyana malamulo. Chinthu zakuya ndi ufulu demokalase ndi ufulu. The Constitution secures zolonda, koma ngati malamulo mwanjira akuphwanya ufulu, kulemekezana, ufulu, demokalase adziwonetsa ndi opondereza kapena kuti.

Imodzi mwa zikalata woyamba, kusintha ndi actualize ufulu wa anthu wakhala Chikalata cha 1776, lomwe kenako kusanduka mu Bill za Ufulu wa Constitution US. Patapita kanthawi, pa French kuukira boma, izo unayambitsidwa mu 1789, Chikalata cha Human Rights.
Kufotokoza ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi ufulu wina ofunika ndi ufulu wonse, Assembly General UN ankalengeza Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ufulu wa anthu enshrined m'chilamulo boma lililonse phindu mtengo wa ufulu anthu.

ufulu nzika

Ikani wa kamba enshrined chikalata lamulo lililonse, ndi ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika ya. akuwayang'anira chimafikira kwa anthu onse, kungakupatseni ndi kuteteza lamulo lalikhulu la dziko la State. Malamulo ayenera mutsimikizira inviolability munthu, ndi ufulu wa kulankhula ndi mawu ndi kuteteza nzika, ngakhale kunja kwa dzikoli. Ufulu wa chibadwidwewu ndi konsekonse chifukwa cha kuwanda ake okwezeka ndi kukhudza mbali zambiri za moyo wa anthu pa siteji a moyo panopa.

Kusiyana ufulu yapachiweniweni

ufulu nzika monga ufulu wa anthu, akhala zaka zakubadwa mayesero a nthawi, koma pali kusiyana yaikulu: ufulu wa anthu - izi ndi zimene anapatsidwa chibadwire komanso ufulu, pamene ufulu wa nzika za zigwire malinga ndi lamulo la kupambana kwa zaka ina, angathe kusintha pa nthawi. anthu ndi yapachiweniweni ufulu - Kodi maziko a anthu onse ndi lamakono. Iwo sangakhoze zimafika kapena adzasinthe pa akufunira limodzi la munthu kapena kuti athandize osankhika akulamulira.

Zinatheka ufulu wa kulankhula

Munthu mmunda uliwonse amamuchititsa chifuniro, ndi zambiri ufulu wa zochitika zokhudza ufulu wa kulankhula monga mawonekedwe a kuphatikiza a anthu masiku ano demokalase. Liberalism si NKHANZA mawu, miseche ndi udani, ngakhale ufulu wolankhula - izo ndi chibadidwe ndi ufulu wofunikila ndi boma. limati ambiri amayesera kuti zonse ndi ufulu wa kulankhula pofuna kupewa mikangano mitundu ndi chidani pa malo achipembedzo, tingayambe chiwawa ndi chidani. Mfundo kuonetsetsa ufulu wa mtundu uwu ayenera wotetezedwa mwa Constituion, koma sanadutsitse kuti maonekedwe ndi kufufuza osasinthika zawozo zikuphwanya ufulu wa m'mafuko aang'ono kapena chikhalidwe. Zingaoneke kuti mawu amenewa akutsutsana ndi momwe ufulu wa kulankhula akhoza malamulo ndi kulamulira. Koma boma demokalase ayenera kukhalabe, kuteteza ndiponso kuti mawu zikuphatikizapo mwamantha, chiwawa ndi chidani m'dzikoli.

Ufulu oyendetsera dziko ndi ufulu wa chipembedzo

Masiku ano ufulu wa mawu ndi limodzi ku mfundo ya kusasalana pa malo achipembedzo monga ufulu wosankha osadalira pa chipembedzo. Mukhoza amadzitcha ndi kuphunzitsa zipembedzo pamodzi ndi ena kapena payekha, kapena kukhala kuli Mulungu. chabwino Izi zikutanthauza ufulu wotha kusintha amakhulupirira luso kugawira anthu ena ndi kuchita molingana ndi zikhulupiriro zawo. Koma kupanda ziletso zina mukhoza kuvulaza State demokalase monga zisakuyenda pali zambiri zipembedzo ndi magulu amene osati kulalikira malingaliro awo, komanso kuvulaza anthu, chinkhoswe mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kulanda.