Malo amtundu wa tundra. Zizindikiro za malo a tundra

Tundra imaphatikiza kumpoto kwa Russia ndi Canada. Chikhalidwe chake sichikusowa, ndipo nyengo imaonedwa kuti ndi yovuta. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa, adalandira dzina lina - chipululu cha Arctic. Ngati mumaganizira malo omwe amapezeka ku tundra, mukhoza kuona kuti dera limeneli likuphatikizapo zilumba zomwe zili ku Arctic Ocean, ndi kumpoto kwa Russia ndi Canada.

Malo a chigawo cha tundra

Dera la Arctic likudutsa mbali yaikulu ya nyanja ya Arctic Ocean. Apa nyengo siyimadziwika ndi zofewa komanso kutentha, ndipo chikhalidwe ndi chosowa komanso chochepa. M'tchire, nyengo yozizira imakhala miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, ndipo m'chilimwe kuli kozizira.

Kutentha kotentha kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yozizira komanso yosasuntha kwathunthu, koma pamwamba pake pangathe kusungunuka. M'madera otere, palibe mitengo ndi mitengo yayitali. Dera limeneli liri ndi mitsinje, rivulets, mosses, lichens, zomera zochepa ndi zitsamba zomwe zingathe kukhalabe mu nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Mafunde awo amasinthasintha ndi msinkhu waung'ono mwangwiro mofanana ndi mphepo yozizira yozizira.

M'madera akuluakulu mungathe kuona zipilala zamadzi kapena miyala yamtengo wapatali. Pamtunda muli nyanja zamchere zochepa kwambiri. Makamaka mungaone pamapu a Canada, Russia, Finland. Malo amtundu wa tundra amathandizira madzi ochuluka a mitsinje.

Chomwe chiri chochititsa chidwi ndi chigawo chakumpoto ichi

Wina akhoza kuzindikira zosiyana siyana za malo a tundra. Kuyambira kumpoto mpaka kummwera kuli madera atatu. Gombe la Arctic lili pafupi ndi Arctic Ocean, kenaka limalowetsedwa ndi moss-lichen, malo omwe amakhala ndi mbalame zazing'ono, zitsamba zam'mphepete ndi mapiko a polar amapita kumwera . Tundra yokha ndi yokongola kwambiri. M'nyengo ya chilimwe mumatha kuona momwe imawala ndi mitundu yowala. Zonse chifukwa cha tchire la blueberries, blueberries, cranberries, cranberries.

Nyengo yamapululu

Mphepete mwa chigawo cha tundra muli zizindikiro zochepa za ma radiation pachaka. Zima m'dera lamakono limatenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ngati sizinayi, miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Pali mausiku okongola kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, chisanu ndi mphepo ndizochitika zofala. Kutentha kwachisanu mu January chifukwa gawo la Ulaya la tundra ndi madigiri 10 pansi pa zero. Komabe, pafupi ndi kum'maŵa, nyengo imakula kwambiri. Choncho, January kutentha kumatha kufika -50 ndi pansi madigiri Celsius.

Chilimwe sichitha motalika, chimakhala chozizira komanso chimakhala champhamvu, ndipo masiku ambiri amadziwika bwino . Nthaŵi zambiri kutentha kwa mpweya mu July sizoposa madigiri 4 Celsius, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuona mvula yambiri ndi mphepo. Malo a tundra ku Russia ndi chigawo kuchokera kumadzulo kwa dzikoli mpaka ku Bering Strait. Zimatenga gawo limodzi la magawo asanu ndi limodzi m'madera onse a dzikoli. Ku Siberia, kwakukulu kwambiri ikuchitika kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera.

Mphepo yamkuntho ndi mphepo zamkuntho ndizochitika zofala m'dera lino. Iwo ndi opweteka kwambiri moti akhoza kugogoda osati munthu yekha, komanso nguluwe.

Kodi chimakhala chiyani m'chilimwe?

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimapezeka m'madera a m'chilimwe? Pa nthawi imeneyi, mungapeze bowa wodyetsedwa ndi zipatso zambiri zokoma, zomwe zimakhala ndi chophimba chokongola, ndipo mukhoza kuwona msipu wamphongo wonyada. Choncho amayang'ana chakudya m'chilimwe. Wachibale amadyetsa zonse zomwe amaziwona: zitsamba, masamba a zitsamba. M'nyengo yozizira, iwonso adzalandira chakudya monga mtundu wa nyerere.

Mitengo yapadera

Dziko lapansi la tundra ndi losauka. Dothi la tundra-gley la chigawo ichi silingatchedwe kuti ndi lachonde, popeza liri lachisanu. Si zomera zonse zomwe zingathe kukhala ndi moyo wovuta kwambiri kumpoto, kumene kulibe kutentha ndi dzuwa. Zapamwamba apa ndizo lichens ndi mosses, polar poppy, khwangwa lakuda, kalonga, late Lydia, nsomba zam'madzi, saxifrage, snowcock ndi ena. Mitengo yotereyi ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri kwa anthu okhala kumtunda. Ndi mitengo yina iti yomwe imapezeka m'madera awa? Mitundu pafupifupi 300 ya maluwa ndi mitundu pafupifupi 800 ya mitundu yambiri ya maluwa.

Zomera zonse pano ndi nsomba za nsomba. Zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhalango" zimangokufikitsani ku bondo, ndipo "mtengo" sukhala pamwamba pa bowa. Malo amtundu wa tundra sali oyenera ku nkhalango, koma zonse chifukwa cha permafrost zomwe zasungidwa kwa zaka zambiri.

Nyama za chigawo cha tundra

Pamphepete mwa nyanja yamtunda mungathe kuona mbalame zomwe zikung'amba. Malo a malo a chilengedwe cha tundra ndi abwino kwa nyama zomwe zimakonda nyanja. Madzi ambiri ndi malo abwino kwambiri a mbalame: atsekwe, abakha, gags. Mungathe kukumana ndi mapepala, waders, waterfowl, nyemba zoyera, falcon-peregrine falcon, tundra partridge, lark. Pano simudzapeza zowomba, koma kuchokera kwa oimira amphibiyani mungathe kukumana ndi achule. Komabe nyama zakutchire zimakhala ndi akalulu, nkhandwe yoyera, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, mimbulu, zimbalangondo ndi zofiirira, mbuzi za musk musk komanso, nyamakazi. Nyanja ya Tundra imakhala ndi nsomba zosiyanasiyana - salimoni, dallia.

Ng'ombe ya kumpoto - mbali ina ya mapiri a Arctic

Sizinthu zokhazokha, komanso chizindikiro chakuti chigawo cha tundra chimanyadira. Malo a malo a nyama izi ndi abwino kwambiri kukhalamo. Zilipo osati kunja kokha, komanso kuzilumba za Arctic Ocean. Ndipo awa ndiwo okhawo omwe amachokera ku banja la anthu osauka omwe angakhalepo pano. Tikhoza kuyang'ana nyanga zazikulu mwa amuna ndi akazi. Gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha reindeer ndi chomera cha tundra. Awa ndi mazira (yagel), masamba, udzu, mphukira zazing'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, amatha kutulutsa zomera pansi pa chisanu, pomwe akuphwasula ndi ziboda.

Chivundikiro cha tsitsi cham'mimba m'nyengo yozizira ndi chakuda komanso chalitali, nsalu yotchedwa undercoat imakula bwino (kutentha kutentha kwa chisanu). M'chaka chimakhala chosavuta komanso chosavuta. Mtengo wa chilimwe wa nswala - kuchokera ku imvi mpaka ku bulauni. M'nyengo yozizira ndi yoyera kwambiri. Mapangidwe apaderawa amalola nyamakazi kuti ifulumire kuyenda mofulumira m'mphepete mwa mathithi ndi chisanu chozama. Nyama izi ndi ziweto ndi mitala.

M'nyengo yozizira, amasamukira kumalo kumene kuli malo odyetserako ziweto. Makilomita zana kapena ochulukirapo kuchokera ku malo okhala m'nyengo yachilimwe si vuto kwa nyengo yozizira kusamuka kwa nswala. Samawombetsa kamodzi pachaka. Nyama imeneyi imakhala yovuta, imakhala ndi ubwino wokometsera, ndipo imadziwa kusambira. Wokondedwa akhoza kusambira momasuka kudutsa nyanja ndi mitsinje.

Kodi zigawo za chilengedwe zimagwirizanitsidwa bwanji m'dera la tundra

Ngati tilingalira malo omwe timakhalamo, titha kukumbukira kuti kumwera kwa nkhalango kumayambira. Umu ndi m'mene zimakhalira m'nkhalango. Chigawo chonsechi chakumwera kwa tundra. Kutentha kumakhala kochepa - m'chilimwe kutentha kumafikira madigiri 14 Celsius. M'madambo a nkhalango muli mvula yambiri, yomwe ilibe nthawi yopuma. Mwa njira iyi, madontho a mitsinje amawonekera. Chakudya cha mitsinje yamadzi yakuya ndi chipale chofewa. Miyezi yoyamba ya chilimwe ndi nsonga ya madzi apamwamba. Malo am'dera la tundra amayamba pang'onopang'ono kupita ku nkhalango.

Mwamuna wakhala akuyang'ana kale kumpoto. Pang'onopang'ono, malo, omwe amapitirira kuposa Arctic Circle, adakhala ndi anthu ambiri. Nsomba zam'madzi ndizo ntchito yaikulu kumpoto: a Chukchi ndi a Eskimos. Kusaka nyama zakutchire kwaika miyambo yake ya zakudya ndi mawonekedwe a zovala. Nyama ya anthu okhala m'madzi, nkhuku, nsomba, nkhuku ndizo chakudya chachikulu. Chifukwa cha kubereka ndi kusaka nyama, zikopa za ubweya zimachokera ku ubweya ndi nyama zina, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zovala.

Kusiyana ndi nkhalango ya nkhalango imasiyana ndi tundra

Lesotundra ili m'dera la pakati pa tundra ndi taiga. M'zigwa za mitsinje mumatha kuona nkhalango zambiri ndi mitengo yayitali. Umu ndi mmene malo amtundu wa tundra ndi nkhalango amasiyana. Pano pakati pa mitsinje mungapeze zilumba zing'onozing'ono za mitengo yachitsulo yokhala ndi chivundikiro cha lichen. Chilimwe pano ndikutentha ndi motalika. Chifukwa cha mitengo, mphepo yamkuntho pano sikumveka mofanana ndi momwe zimakhalira, kumene malo ake amatseguka.

Kuchotsa nkhalango yamtunda kuchokera m'nyanjayi kumapangitsa kuti nyengo isanuke kwambiri ndi chisanu cholimba. Nthaka imatha kutaya kwambiri, ndipo mafinya amawonedwa kokha m'madera ena. Makamaka mitsinje imakhalanso ndi chipale chofewa.