Mammoth - Mammoth ndi ... mbiri. Monga mammoths ankasakidwa?

Mammoth - chinsinsi kwa zaka zoposa mazana awiri tingakumane nacho chidwi ofufuza. Kodi izi nyama ya mbiri isanayambe, onse amoyo ndi zinatha bwanji? mafunso onsewa adakali alibe mayankho enieni. Asayansi ena amachititsa imfa yawo Unyinji wa njala, wachiwiri - ayezi zaka, lachitatu - ndi alenje wakale wawononga ng'ombe zanyama, zikopa ndi tusks. Baibulo boma sakutero.

Kodi mammoths

Ancient Mammoth ndi nyama a m'banja la njovu. The mitundu ikuluikulu ndi kukula mofanana ndi magawo a abale awo pafupi - njovu. kulemera zambiri si upambana makilogalamu 900, kukula si kupitirira mamita 2. Komabe, panali zambiri "olemekezeka" mitundu, amene kulemera anafika matani 13, kutalika - mamita 6.

Kuyambira njovu mammoths ankasiyana bulkier torso, miyendo lalifupi ndi tsitsi lalitali. Mbali khalidwe - lalikulu yokhota kumapeto tusks, amene ntchito ndi nyama ya mbiri isanayambe kukumba pansi pa makhalidwe a chisanu chakudya. Iwo analinso molars ndi ambiri dentinoemalevyh mbale woonda kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito processing fibrous roughage.

maonekedwe

chigoba dongosolo lomwe lili ndi amphamvu wakale, akufanana Kapangidwe ka njovu Indian, amene ali moyo lero m'njira zambiri. Chidwi kwambiri ndi chimphona tusks kutalika angakhale mamita mpaka 4, kulemera - mpaka makilogalamu 100. Iwo inali ku nsagwada chapamwamba, kukula patsogolo ndipo anawerama oposa, "galimoto kuzungulira" m'mbali.

Mchira ndipo makutu, mwamphamvu anakakamizidwa Chigaza, ndi wamfupi, mtundu pano molunjika mabang'i wakuda, anaima pa hump kumbuyo. Large thunthu ndi penapake adatchithisira chammbuyo zochokera khola mapazi mizati. Miyendo zinali pafupifupi hornlike (wandiweyani) soleplate kufika m'mimba mwake wa masentimita 50.

Ubweya ndi kuwala Brown kapena chikasu bulauni kum'chitira, mchira, miyendo ndi kufota chokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akuda kuwoneka. Ubweya "chovala" umayenda pansi m'mbali, kufika pafupifupi pansi. "Zovala" nyama ya mbiri isanayambe anali ansangala.

tusk

Mammoth - nyama amene tusk unali wapadera osati mkulu mphamvu, komanso osiyanasiyana wapadera mitundu. Mafupa anagona pansi pa dziko lapansi zaka zikwi zingapo zapita mineralization. Iwo apeza osiyanasiyana mithunzi - kuchokera woyera kuti wofiirira. Asiyane zimene zinachitika chifukwa cha chibadwa, kumawonjezera mtengo wa tusk lapansi.

The tusks nyama ya mbiri isanayambe sanali wangwiro monga njovu mfuti. Ndi wosavuta pogaya, anapereka okha ndi ming'alu. Akukhulupirira kuti mammoths ndi thandizo lawo ncho yekha chakudya - nthambi, khungwa. Nthawi zina nyama tusk 4 unakhazikitsidwa awiri wachiwiri wa chipango chabwino, nthawi zambiri zinaphatikizidwa ndi pakati.

mitundu wapadera kupanga tusks yaikuluyi mu ankafuna kupanga mabokosi mwanaalirenji, mabokosi wopera, waika Chess. Iwo ntchito polenga mphatso mafano, miyala yamtengo wapatali madona, zida zodula. Amapanga kubalana a mitundu wapadera sizingatheke ndipo izi amagwirizana ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu analenga pamaziko a tusks yaikuluyi. Awa, ndithudi, osati yabodza.

mammoths mlungu

zaka 60 - pafupifupi moyo amayembekezeka zimphona kuti kumene kuli anthu zikwi padziko lapansi zaka zapitazo. Mammoth - ndi zamiyendo Inayi nyama chakudya cha iye anali makamaka herbaceous zomera, mphukira zake, zitsamba yaing'ono, Moss. Daily mlingo - 250. makilogalamu zomera kukakamiza nyama timathera chakudya maola pafupifupi 18 patsiku zonse kusintha dislocation pofunafuna msipu watsopano.

Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti mammoths ankachita moyo wochezeka, anasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Standard gulu inkakhala mamembala 9-10 wamkulu mitundu, palinso ana. Monga ulamuliro, udindo wa mtsogoleri wa nkhosa anaikizidwa wamkazi wamkulu.

Ndi zaka 10 nyama anafika pamsinkhu wobereka. Amuna okhwima pa nthawi imeneyo anasiya ng'ombe akuchikazi, kusamukira kuli limodzi.

malo

Akatswiri ofufuza wapeza kuti mammoths Padziko Lapansi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 4.8 zaka zapitazo, mbisoweka kokha pafupi zaka 4 zikwi zapitazo, osati 9-10, monga poyamba ankaganiza. Nyama zimenezi ankakhala m'mayiko a North America, Europe, Africa ndi Asia. Mafupa a nyama wamphamvu, zojambula ndi ziboliboli, chosonyeza iwo, nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa malo okhalamo wakale wa Age Stone.

Mammoths mu Russia anali anagawira ambiri, makamaka chidwi anapezazo wotchuka Siberia. Chachikulu "manda" wa nyama zimenezi anazipeza Chatsopano Siberia Islands. Mu Khanty-Mansiysk ngakhale chipilala mu ulemu wawo. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mu malire m'munsi mwa Lena Mtsinje kwa nthawi yoyamba (mwalamulo) zotsalira za yaikuluyi ndi anapezeka.

Mammoths ku Russia, kapena kani, mitembo yawo zimapezeka kutali.

Zimayambitsa ikutha

Kufikira tsopano, mbiri ya mammoths ali mipata yaikulu. Kwenikweni, nkhawa chifukwa ikutha awo. Ikani patsogolo zosiyanasiyana Mabaibulo. Choyambirira kungoganizira adafotokoza Zhan Batist Lamark. Malinga ndi asayansi, ikutha mtheradi wa mitundu sizingatheke iye basi kwasanduka wina. Komabe, ana boma la mammoths si panopa sakudziwika.

Zhorzh Kyuve sanagwirizane ndi mnzake wanga mlandu imfa yaikuluyi chigumula (kapena zina za kuwonongeka lonse zimene zinachitika pa kutha kwa anthu). Amanenanso kuti Earth kawirikawiri anakumana ndi masoka yochepa, kwathunthu adzasesa kotheratu ndi mtundu winawake.

Brocchi, paleontologist imalengeza ku Italy, limanena kuti ena nthawi ya kukhalapo anamasulidwa aliyense kukhala pa dziko. Mofulumira wasayansi lonse mitundu zikugwirizana ndi ukalamba ndi imfa ya thupi, kotero, mu maganizo ake, ndipo anathetsa mbiri lachinsinsi la mammoths.

Chiphunzitso otchuka ali mbali zambiri asayansi - nyengo. About 15-10 zikwi zapitazo mogwirizana ndi limatsogolera wa glacier kumpoto Titafika pamalo m'dera anakhala dambo, wodzazidwa ndi nkhalango kum'mwera pine. Zitsamba zimene poyamba munamutcha m'munsi mwa zakudya za nyama, mukanalankhula Moss ndi timitengo, limene, mogwirizana ndi asayansi, kwachititsa kutha awo.

alenje wakale

mammoths monga yosakidwa anthu oyamba - si yeniyeni anatsimikiza panobe. Kuti mlenje a nthawi imeneyo kawirikawiri mlandu chiwonongeko cha nyama zikuluzikulu. Mokomera buku la mankhwala kunena, kulengedwa kuchokera tusks ndi zikopa, amene nthawi zonse amapezeka pa magalimoto malo okhala akale.

Komabe, maphunziro a tsiku athu kopanda ichi ano akukayikira. Malinga asayansi ena, anthu okha anamaliza pa anthu ofooka ndi odwala a mitundu, sindiye kutsogolera kusaka wathanzi. Bogdanov, mlengi wa ntchito za "Mfundo za chitukuko anataya", kumabweretsa mfundo zomveka kuti ndikosatheka mammoths kusaka. Iye akukhulupirira kuti zida wogwidwa ndi anthu akale a Dziko Lapansi, kubaya khungu la nyama sangathe.

mtsutso wina wamphamvu - stringy lolimba nyama, nkomwe oyenera chakudya.

achibale

Elefasprimigenius - linali dzina la mammoths ku Latin. Dzina limasonyeza ubale wawo ndi njovu, monga kumasulira zikumveka ngati "njovu woyamba kubadwa." Ngakhale anafotokoza amanena kuti yaikuluyi - ndi kholo la njovu ano, omwe amachitika chifukwa cha anatengera zamoyo zinachita nyengo ofunda.

Kuphunzira asayansi German, amene anayerekezera DNA ya mammoths ndi njovu, ananena kuti njovu Indian ndi amphamvu nthambi awiri a mbadwo wochokera njovu Africa kwinakwake zaka sikisi miliyoni. The kholo la nyama zimenezi, zinaonekera zinthu zatsopano, anakhala padziko Lapansi za 7 miliyoni zapitazo, kupanga Baibulo ali ndi ufulu kulibe.

zinthu lodziwika

"Last yaikuluyi" - mutu wa yomwe awerenge ng'ombe Dima, isanu ndi umodzi yaikuluyi, amene mitembo anapezeka ntchito mu 1977 Magadan. About 40 zikwi zapitazo, mwana anagwa mu ayezi zomwe zinatipangitsa kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke wake. Ichi ndi kutali ndi chitsanzo bwino anasunga kuti anapeza mwa anthu. Dima anakhala gwero la uthenga wofunika kwambiri kwa anthu chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira mitundu zinatha.

Mofanana kudziwika yaikuluyi Adams, amene anali buku loyamba mafupa, amene anasonyezedwa kwa anthu. Izo zinachitika kumbuyo mu 1808, kuyambira bukuli lili Museum wa Academy of Sciences. Nakhodka a Osip Shumahovu mlenje amene anakhalapo kusonkhanitsa mafupa amphamvu.

Berezovsky Mammoth ali ndi nkhani zofanana, komanso anali mlenje anapeza tusks m'mphepete mwa umodzi wa mitsinje ya Siberia. Terms of zofukulidwa mtembo wa sanali ndendende yabwino, m'zigawo anali ikuchitika m'madera. anasunga mafupa amphamvu akhala maziko a mafupa chachikulu, zimakhala zofewa - chinthu kuphunzira. Anamwalira nyama mu zaka 55.

Matilda, mkazi mbiri isanayambe mitundu, napeza ophunzira onse. Chochitika zinachitika mu 1939, zotsalira anawapeza m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Oesh.

chitsitsimutso zotheka

Ofufuza amakono sichisiya chidwi ndi nyama ya mbiri isanayambe ngati mammoths. Mtengo wa apeza mbiri isanayambe sayansi kanthu koposa, monga chimathandiza zoyesayesa zonse pa kuuka kwake. Padakali kuyesa choyerekeza mitundu zinatha sanapereke zotsatira chogwirika. Izi zimayambira pa kupanda khalidwe chofunika kwa nkhaniyo. Komabe, kafukufuku m'dera lino ndipo musaganizire kutali. Panopa, asayansi kudalira zotsalira wamkazi anapeza posachedwapa. Zimafanana ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa unakhalabe magazi madzi.

Ngakhale kulephera kwa cloning, izo imatsimikizirika kuti fano la anthu wakale wa dziko wobwezeretsedwa lolondola komanso makhalidwe ake. Mammoths kuyang'ana chimodzimodzi monga iwo pamasamba mabuku. The chidwi kwambiri anapeza - bwinobwino kukhala mitundu atazindikira kuti nthawi yathu ino, ndi osalimba kwambiri ndi mafupa ake.