Maphunziro apamwamba

Ph.D., pulofesa Dobaev KD

Pa kusintha kwa dongosolo latsopano la maphunziro ku Kyrgyzstan

Ndi chaka chatsopano maphunziro, mwachitsanzo September 1, 2012 mabungwe maphunziro apamwamba a Republic ikuyenda kwa dongosolo ziwiri gawo la maphunziro - Bachelor ndi Ambuye (KR boma Watsimikiza № 496 kuchokera 23.08.2011g.). Malinga ndi lamulo la Republic mayunivesite ayenera kusintha dongosolo kwa dongosolo ziwiri gawo ndi ntchito njira zamakono ngongole.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Kyrgyzstan wakhala anasonkhanitsa ena za mmene kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya Bachelor ndi madigiri Master, komanso kuphunzitsa pa luso ngongole. Ndipo kotero mu Republic ntchito pa kusintha kwa dongosolo ziwiri gawo sayamba kuchokera zikande. Ndipo ngati inu kumbukirani lamulo boma pa August 25, 1993 № 396 "Pa chiyanjo cha malangizo lolamulira ntchito ya Chikigizi Republic of dongosolo maphunziro apamwamba" ndi chigamulo cha Unduna wa Maphunziro ndi Science wa Republic Chikigizi ku May 23, 1995, №3 / 1 "The State Education Standard Chikigizi Republic "maphunziro apamwamba. amafuna General "kuti tili oposa 17 zaka za kukonzekera nthawi ya kusintha kwa dongosolo ziwiri gawo la dongosolo la maphunziro apamwamba.

Kodi ndi chiyani? Mayunivesite, ambiri, ndi wokonzeka kusamukira ku yokonza bachelors ndi ambuye. Ngati inu kale m'deralo kwa kusadziwa madigiri maphunziro a Bachelor ndi Mphunzitsi, motero zokambirana zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale mfundo yakuti BA ndi maphunziro osati apamwamba, koma tsopano nkhani imeneyo pang'ono ndi pang'ono eroding. Tikazindikira kuti yoyamba - maphunziro apamwamba, izo imagwira kwambiri kuti ziyeneretso frameworks umalimbana yekha pa zapaderazi chimodzi inayamba kuchepa. Kodi nthawi kuwauza mawu ake, pamene munthu moyo angasinthe kangapo malo a ntchito, kuvumbitsira zoyenelera kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba, amene amalola, ndiye "chingwe" izo adamfunsa ukatswiri - kale chenicheni.

Ndipo kotero pokonza bachelors tikunena mapangidwe competencies wamba konsekonse. mapulogalamu Analysis maphunziro mabungwe maphunziro a digiri yoyamba yachilendo kusonyeza kuti za 2/3 nthawi khama mapangidwe, yamtunduwu wamba konsekonse. Izi ndi zomveka. Popanda wabwino malangizo, lotha ndi zokhudza zonse competencies sangakhale bwino akatswiri ntchito mmunda uliwonse. Pokonzekera mapulogalamu ophunzitsa bachelors, tiyenera kuganizira mbali. Choncho m'pofunika kuganizira ndi koma chinthu china, ndicho tsiku lokonzekera yoyamba malangizo maphunziro ndi Bachelor ya malangizo mwaukadaulo olaula.

Pankhani ya Bachelor malangizo maphunziro, apa, zambiri kapena sichidziwika bwino. A maphunziro a m'madera maphunziro maganizo ayenera kupitiriza maphunziro magistracy a. Koma malangizo omwe zochokera, kapena ngakhale mmene amatchedwa Akutsatira baccalaureate, pali wophunzira amasankha mbiri makamaka, n'cholinga choti akamalize ntchito. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sali yakuti m'tsogolo kuphunzira digiri mbuye. Pambuyo zina zokhudzana apite kwa maphunziro kusukulu kwa kwambiri mozama specialization. Kyrgyzstan ntchito baccalaureate yachilendo. Monga ofufuza amanena vutoli (Chugunov D. Yu, Vasiliev KD-Shafranov Kutsev GF.), Akutsatira baccalaureate - ichi ndi Choyenereza mtheradi kuti limalola mwachindunji mwayi msika ntchito, ndipo kawirikawiri kumafuna kuphunzitsidwa zina, ngakhale zilibe kukusalani izo. Ntchito baccalaureate pulogalamu ndi abwino kwa amene akufuna atangolandira digiri yoyamba kuti tiyambepo.

Mu West ndi ku Russia pa ntchito yoyamba pulogalamu anayamba kuphika posachedwapa, kapena kani, pa mapeto a zaka mazana makumi awiri. Komabe, pali kusiyana mu yokonza ntchito yoyamba mu Europe ndi Russia. Choyamba, iwo ali oyanjana ndi ya competencies kuti akupangidwa mwa kuphunzira. European pulogalamu ya digiri ntchito yoyamba, ngati akatswiri onani, kuphatikiza pa njira yoyankhulira kuchita amati mapangidwe luso lake lolinganiza kagwiridwe ka. Omaliza digiri Ntchito yoyamba - ndi kwambiri aluso amene angathe osati kutsatira malangizo a, kutsatira malangizo, komanso ayambitse mu manja awo, kuti kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto.

Ponena za Russian Akutsatira baccalaureate, si kwathunthu lolunjika pa chuma chenicheni, alibe mogwirizana ndi chuma chenicheni, limene likupezeka mu West. Ndi ochititsa maphunziro ndi zina okonda academicism, osati ku msika makamaka ntchito. Nthawiyi Akutsatira Baccalaureate ayenera kuonetsetsa akatswiri mchitidwe wokonda maphunziro. Kukonzekera ntchito yoyamba ayenera kukhala mogwirizana ndi owalemba ntchito, ndi chotenga mbali mwachindunji mu kuphunzira. Only mu nkhani iyi n'zotheka kuphunzitsa akatswiri zofunika msika ntchito.

Timakhulupilira kuti chifukwa Kyrgyzstan kuphunzitsa maphunziro a digiri yoyamba Akutsatira ayenera osakhala.

Pankhani ya kusintha kwa dongosolo ngongole maphunziro, kuti ambiri a ku mayunivesite a ku Kyrgyzstan chodabwitsa latsopano? Latsopano osati m'lingaliro kuti sakudziwa chimene ulemerero, ndi luso ngongole. No. Watsopano mwa mawu a kukhazikitsa othandiza. Ngakhale mu dziko, pali mabungwe maphunziro apamwamba amene amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ngongole. Tili mu malingaliro makamaka University of Central Asia American.

Kumene, mu kamphindi kupita ku kachitidwe ngongole, sikutheka. Tiyenera kufalitsa zambiri. Sikuti onse ndi zisanathe kudziwa ndi kumvetsetsa zonse za dongosolo ngongole. Koma pali luntha ena ambiri ogwira ntchito ku maphunziro apamwamba. Chinthu chachikulu kupereka malangizo olondola. Ndipo tsopano za mfundo ngongole.

Mawu - unit muyeso wophunzira wakewo mwa mawu a nthawi anafunika kukwaniritsa zomwe zakambidwa ena kuphunzira. Mawu - gulu la muyeso wa "thupi" kumene kapena pulogalamu (nambala ya m'kalasi ndi neauditornyh maola, etc.) mu chimango ziyeneretso yoyenera.

Mawu - kachulukidwe (n'zosangalatsa kumva) mawu, buku la chidziwitso yotengedwa, kutenga nkhani zotsatira zimatheka mu maphunziro, ndi kukhazikitsa. The ngongole akhoza kupereka kwa wophunzira monga chizindikiro cha kuzindikiridwa anapanga chifukwa cha kuphunzira competencies zochokera ziyenera a zakambidwa kuphunzira.

Popeza ife makamaka kuganizira zipangizo za ndondomeko Bologna, ndiwo kutengerapo ndipo kudzikundikira Kuyamikira dongosolo European (ECTS), wophunzira pa maphunziro ayenera mphambu osachepera 180 240 Zeboyimu kupeza digiri yoyamba. Nthawi yochepa yophunzira kwambiri kwa zaka 3-4. Tikati, ndi maora angati mwa ngongole, ndiye ife mu Republic palibe vutoli. Ena mayunivesite Russian pambuyo kudziwa maola 36, maola wina 30. Timaganiza si choncho wachibadidwe. Ngakhale asilikali ikukonzekera - ikukonzekera Miyambo Maphunziro ku Ulaya, ngongole munthu limafanana maola 25-30 nthawi yophunzira. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chake mu Maonekedwe a boma wa July 4, 2012 № 472 ngongole imodzi (Kuyamikira) anatsimikiza maola 30. Pa nthawi yomweyo, tiyenera kumvetsa bwino lomwe kuti Kuyamikira ndi chimaonekera yekha kuchuluka kwa maphunziro katundu, koma osati ntchito wophunzira, nkhani kapena mlingo wa Kuvuta kwa nkhaniyo. Ngongole amapatsidwa kwa wophunzira pokhapokha ngati ali bwinobwino ina gawo, Inde, kudziletsa, maphunziro, ndipo analandira aziona zabwino. Ngongole ya osaphatikizidwamo kapena kulandiridwa mwa ophunzira mfundozi wachibale amene amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ntchito chofunika kuti kumaliza chaka chathunthu maphunziro. Nkofunika kudziwa komanso kutsimikizira kuti ngongole si zosintha palokha, koma nthawi zonse kufotokoza ntchito anamaliza mbali ya maphunziro. Ponena za dongosolo ngongole kudzikundikira, tikutanthauza m'dongosolo limene Kuyamikira ali anapeza mu ndondomeko ya pulogalamu nawatsimikizira anamanga maphunziro. Mwanjira imeneyi, ngongole ndi gulu zimene zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito kuchitidwa bwinobwino pa njira yodalirika ziyeneretso zina.

A mawu ochepa za yamtunduwu ndi njira wokhoza maphunziro. Izi vuto Kyrgyzstan ndi chodabwitsa latsopano, kutali onse ozindikira. Nthawi zambiri vutoli ndi latsopano osati kwa ife komanso dongosolo maphunziro European.

Yamtunduwu njira unachokera mu United States mu 70 ntchentche za m'ma XX mogwirizana ndi kufunika kupeza njira yothetsera vuto izi: ndi akazembe, amene ali okonzeka njira m'mayiko osauka, njira cholinga kulenga chithunzi zabwino ya US, wodziwa kwambiri ndi kwathunthu kukhala maluso zamtendere, si onse tinatha akwaniritse ntchito. kupenda mosamala anapeza kuti ngakhale maphunziro zochuluka nkhani, iwo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi luso mzake, omwe si nkhani ya kukhazikitsa, koma ndi zofunika kwambiri mu ntchito kwenikweni. Kwa luso anapereka akuti yamtunduwu wapadera, chifukwa iwo kugwirizana ndi zonse uliwonse wa chidziwitso kapena ma aligorivimu enieni kuchita chilichonse, kapena malo aliwonse nkhani inayake. Zambiri familiarization ndi mbiri ya nkhani ikusonyeza kuti yamtunduwu ndi makhalidwe chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe - motsutsana ndi zochita za nkhaniyi, zomwe yatchedwa akufotokozedwa ndi nthawizonse adzakhala kutchulidwa mawu a chidziwitso, nzeru ndi luso [2, p. 48].

Kodi yamtunduwu? Iwo - kuphunzira zakambidwa lofotokozeredwa m'njira ya competencies - yeniyeni ndi momveka mndandanda wa zomwe wophunzira ayenera kudziwa, kumva ndi kutha kwa ntchito pambuyo akamaliza kuphunzira. Competencies akhoza kupangidwa onse poyerekezera ndi mapulogalamu ophunzitsa (gawo kapena Inde wagawo). Yamtunduwu anapanga sequentially ndi pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, mapangidwe competences zenizeni akhoza anapereka maphunziro angapo kapena zigawo pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana mwambowu. Pa gawo kamangidwe ka pulogalamu zochita zimene pulogalamu wagawo udzayamba kulamulira mapangidwe ena competencies yeniyeni. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ena a wophunzira kupeza competencies mu mode "chozemba" mu pulogalamuyi, koma za zotsatira ayenera kuperekedwa kokha competencies anthu, kukwaniritsa amene adzakhala phunziro kwa kuwunika. Pa nthawi yomweyo tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pulogalamu maphunziro si ya maphunziro mosintha osankhidwa ndi inakula zovuta chitukuko chimene chimafuna njira kwathunthu. maphunziro lolunjika pa aphunzitsi ake zakambidwa kuphunzira, mayunitsi onse mwanjira ina akukhudzana mzake. lamulo ili ntchito osati kwa mayunitsi ndi zigawo amapanga maziko a dongosolo, komanso maphunziro zasekondale ndi voti. Zotsatira chikwaniritsidwa mu kuphunzira amodzi limodzi kapena gawo kumathandiza kuti zotsatira wonse ndi mapangidwe buku Napempha kwa competencies ubwenzi wolimba ndi zotsatira kuti chikwaniritsidwa mu kuphunzira mayunitsi ena a pulogalamuyi.

Funso lotsatira kuti tiyenera kupeza wekha - gulu la ndondomeko maphunziro pamaziko a mapulogalamu yodziyimira payokha maphunziro. Mu mapangidwe competencies yabwino wosakanikirana mapulogalamu yodziyimira payokha. Iwo chimaonekera kwambiri, atsogolere wophunzira kutengerapo ku bungwe wina ndi mzake, ndi kuzindikira zotsatira pa yunivesite ina, komanso zimathandiza kuti optimally kugawira wakewo pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za dongosolo. Komanso, dongosolo yodziyimira payokha zimathandiza kupewa kuphwanya zimabwezera, choncho ndi muyeso kuchuluka kwa mayeso. The sangathe wa dongosolo yodziyimira payokha ndi kuti amachepetsa ufulu chiphunzitso, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa maola kukhudzana mkati gawo. Pamene dongosolo yodziyimira payokha kumawonjezera kutakasuka, chifukwa amakhala zimatheka bwanji kumanga curricula ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, ndi kufika nawo. Mu dongosolo sanali yodziyimira payokha (ie, monga ife tomwe, kumene aphunzitsi ndi imodzi chilango yophunzitsa) ndi patsogolo kusankha zinthu, pamene dongosolo yodziyimira payokha ali ndi kutsindika pa kapangidwe ka maphunziro wonse.

Izi anapempha funso, nanga tikati gawo? gawo ndi wodziimira wagawo ndi kulemekeza maphunziro umalimbana n'kupanga yeniyeni yamtunduwu akatswiri kapena magulu competences. M'mawu ena, gawo - ndi gulu wathunthu wa pulogalamu yophunzitsa, kupanga chimodzi kapena kutchula competencies akatswiri limodzi ndi ulamuliro wa nzeru ndi luso la kuphunzitsa ophunzira pa linanena bungwe. Choncho, yodziyimira payokha yophunzitsa - osakaniza ndi ndondomeko ya zigawo umalimbana ndi katswiri wa competencies zenizeni zofunika oyenerera.

Pa nthawi yomweyo tiyenera kuona kuti kumvetsa Europe lonse wa gawo akuti kulibe. Ena gawo ngati nthawi-okha, anatseka pa zili kuti ankaphunzira midadada kuphunzitsa. The gawo zina limanenedwa ngati pawiri la midadada maphunziro, mgwirizano ndi wina ndi mnzake mu zolembedwa. Amaganiza kuti zigawo akhoza amaphatikiza motsatizanatsatizana zili zonse mwa mwambo limodzi kapena khalidwe angapo.

Mu zigawo yochepa - mchitidwe maphunziro, zomwe okha mu nthawi okhutira chatsekedwa ndi zotsatira yeniyeni kuti akwaniritsa ndipo anasonyeza kuti ophunzira.

Pophunzira ophunzira zigawo aliyense wa iwo ayenera mlandu wina kuchuluka kwa Kuyamikira (Kuyamikira) wokhala muyeso wa zovuta kuphunzira ndi kulongosola ya onse ndondomeko zomveka maphunziro. Pamene kuwerengetsa Kuyamikira kwa gawo mu zovuta kumvetsa anayesedwa: m'kalasi katundu, palokha ntchito ya ophunzira, kulemba chomaliza ntchito ayenerere, etc. Childs, gawo amapereka 6-15 ngongole.

Mu chitukuko cha gawo akhoza kutsogoleredwa ndi chiwembu zotsatirazi:

1. Kudziwa cholinga cha gawo.
2. Information wagawo - zakuthupi ongolankhula, zosanjidwa maphunziro pa mbali mu mawonekedwe a zolemba, workbooks, milozo amakhala ndi ntchito mu synopses yothandizira, mapulogalamu ophunzitsa kompyuta.
3. Mukhale ntchito ziyenera (kuyeza kupambana).
4. Kutanthauzira i pakhomo za kuwunika (ntchito muyezo kugoletsa kwa ziyenera kulimbikitsa ophunzira).
5. Mukhale ndi kuphunzitsa ndi njira yophunzirira (kuti magawowa ophunzira kuti iyende ndi muyezo kugwilizana).
6. Lembani zomwe zakambidwa kuphunzira (zochokera descriptors mlingo).
7. Kukhala ndi ndikusintha gawo (zochokera zinachitikira ndi mayankho).

The yodziyimira payokha kachitidwe maphunziro amalola kuti:

- kuphatikiza a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a maphunziro;

- lalikulu-chipika gulu la nkhani yophunzitsa, pamodzi ndi malangizo ndi ntchito za kafukufuku wake;

- ndi mwayi kuphunzira paokha ophunzira zakuthupi maphunziro;

- kasamalidwe chiphunzitso mwa dongosolo (ndondomeko ya ntchito ndi magawo kuphunzira) ndi ma aligorivimu wa ntchito chidziwitso;

- omasukirana dongosolo methodical mphunzitsi;

- Kusankha mlingo wa lophunzira ndi ophunzira, mitundu, malo ndi mayendedwe a chuma phunziro;

- polenga zinthu bwino ntchito chidziwitso mu kuphunzira;

- kuchita malinga ndi njira payekha maphunziro a chiphunzitso chuma, njira yake ya maphunziro;

- yokulirapo ntchito yowunikiranso za zotsatira za ulamuliro komaliza.

The kukonzanso kwa ndondomeko maphunziro pa mfundo za modularity zikuphatikizapo:

- kuyambirira kwambiri interdisciplinary kuphunzira zili mapulogalamu ophunzitsa alipo pofuna kupewa toyalana makombo a amalanga maphunziro.

- motsimikiza mndandanda wa zigawo maphunziro m'gulu la PLO.

- kukhazikitsidwa kwa zotheka trajectories yophunzitsa mmodzi wa PLO (nkhani proflizatsy, specializations, mapulogalamu mbuye, nkhani kusankidwa ndi mapulogalamu zina maphunziro).

- chitukuko cha kukhazikitsa dongosolo la zigawo maphunziro, umene amafuna ndithu luso khama ndi Mkhalidwe kulenganso mmene kukumana, mfundo ndi laibulale, ndi kufalitsa ndi kusindikiza m'munsi mwa yunivesite.

- kukhazikitsa kasamalidwe ndi yoyendetsa mu mfundo yatsopano ya udindo ano kukonzanso kwa ndondomeko maphunziro ndi ena [3, tsamba 12-13] ..

Ndi mzere Bologna mkati ESTS mlingo lonse anayamba kupanga mfundo zisanu Buku, anatchulidwa makalata A, B, C, D, E, FX, F [4]. ESTS kuwunikira lonse zachokera Mulingo wa wophunzira ena kuyesa, lomwe limasonyeza mmene ntchito yake wachibale ana ena. Kwambiri ESTS m'gulu ophunzira mu magulu awiri oyambirira - opambana ndi underachievers. Wopambana ophunzira anawagawa subgroups zisanu: yabwino 10% ya mayankho chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi sikelo amaimira kalata A mfundo, zotsatirazi 25% mu kalata, zina 30% mwa kalata C lotsatira 25% D chizindikiro ndi wotsiriza bwino ophunzira kuyankha kalata E.

Underachieving ophunzira anawagawa subgroups awiri: FX (yosalepera - kupeza ngongole ntchito pamafunika zambiri) ndiponso F (yosalepera - chofunika kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ntchito zina pa nkhani ayesedwa maphunziro).

Chotero dongosolo makulitsidwe zakambidwa kuphunzira wophunzira Pakufunika zamakono ziyenera ndipo kugoletsa kaundula wa bungwe ndi njira ya kukonzanso dongosolo lonse la ndondomeko maphunziro.

Ndipo pa nthawi ina tikufuna kuti asiye - ichi kukafola zipangizo lina la ziyenera a zakambidwa kuphunzira. Nthawi zambiri, sayansi ndi methodical ntchito zoyenera ndi kufufuza zomwe zakambidwa kuphunzira anapatsidwa n'kudziphatika kwa ndondomeko izi polemba ndi chitukuko cha zotsatira kuwunika. Choyamba, ganizirani zimene zidzatha kukhala imawunikidwa. Chachiwiri, kupeza mndandanda wa ntchito yayendera. Chachitatu umakhala zofunika, umboni, kufufuza bwino kapena makhalidwe kutero. Chachinayi, onetsetsani kuti i kungakhale molondola ndiponso mogwira anayeza kapena akuti ndi amene ali womveka.

Ambiri, Kyrgyzstan, si mmene utoto mwatsatanetsatane kuphunzira ndi zotsatira zake .Chetko anayamba i sanali kuwunika. Ndipo kotero momveka analemba akuti zipangizo, chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za kuwongolera maphunziro.

Zothandizira:

1. State maphunziro muyezo wa maphunziro apamwamba a Republic Chikigizi. - Buku 1 - Bishkek, 1996. - 138 p.
2. Shafranov-Kutsev GF Wamakono wa Russian katswiri maphunziro: mavuto ndi chiyembekezo. - Monograph. - Tyumen. - 2011. - 296 p.
3. Scientific njira chilengedwe cha yokonza ndondomeko za maphunziro ndi akatswiri pa maziko yodziyimira payokha mu maphunziro zaluso. - M - m. 12-14
4. Njira Bologna: Midway / pansi sayansi. Lolembedwa ndi VI Baydenko. Moscow, 2005.
5. Bohr AV Rozov NH Mfundo ntchito zokhudzana mu pedagogy ndi mfundo kuphunzitsa. - M:. Max Press, 2010. - p. 48.