Mbali yaikulu ya ndegeyo. chipangizo ndege

Kutulukira ndege analola osati kuchita maloto wakale wa anthu - kugonjetsa kumwamba, komanso kuti alenge yachangu mode zoyendera. Mosiyana balloons ndi airships, ndege pang'ono amadalira vagaries a nyengo, akhoza amayenda mtunda wautali pa liwilo. Zigawo za ndegeyo zigwirizana zotsatirazi magulu structural: mapiko, fuselage, mchira, ankafika zida, ndi magetsi machitidwe kulamulira, zida zosiyanasiyana.

Mfundo ntchito

Ndege - ndege (LA) yolemera kuposa mpweya, okonzeka ndi amagetsi. Ndi mbali yofunika ya ndege kulenga cholinga zofunika ndege - ikugwira ntchito (galimoto) mphamvu kusiyana pansi kapena mu ndege injini (tinakwera kapena injini ndege). Ngati wononga ndi ili kutsogolo kwa injini, umatchedwa Chikoka, ndipo ngati kumbuyo - akukankha. Choncho, injini umabala chisonyezo translational la ndege wachibale kwa sing'anga ozungulira (mpweya). Choncho, mpweya amasuntha wachibale ku mapiko, ndi kuti amalenga zochotsa mphamvu chifukwa cha kayendedwe translational. Choncho, makina angaike mpweya pokhapokha ngati wina ndege liwiro.

dzina la ndegeyo Kodi

thupi idzafotokoza zotsatirazi:

• Fuselage - thupi chachikulu cha ndegeyo, kulumikiza mu mapiko lonse (mapiko), nthenga, kachitidwe mphamvu, galimotoyo ndi mbali zina. The fuselage munkakhala adalira, Apaulendo (yapachiweniweni ndege), zida ndi payload. Lusoli adzaikidwa (osati nthawi zonse) mafuta, galimotoyo, injini, etc .. d.
• The Motors ntchito poyendetsa kayendedwe ka ndegeyo.
• Mapiko - ntchito pamwamba, oyesa m'mwamba.
• Ofukula mchira cholinga chifukwa chochita, kugwira ndi mbali mtendere wa ndegeyo za olamulira choimirira.
• Cham'mbali mchira cholinga chifukwa chochita, kugwira ndi mbali mtendere wa ndegeyo za olamulira yopingasa.

Mapiko ndi fuselage

Mbali yaikulu ya kapangidwe ndege - phiko. Iwo amalenga zinthu kukwaniritsidwa kwa zofunika zazikulu mwayi ndege - kukhalapo kwa Nyamulani ndi. Phiko amamangiriridwa ku thupi (fuselage), kumene kungakhale mawonekedwe makamaka, koma monga momwe tingathere ndi kochepa kuuluka bwino potsatira njira m'mbuyo. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, limatipatsa yabwino dontho-streamlined mawonekedwe.

Mbali kutsogolo la ndegeyo ntchito mayikidwe a cockpit ndi makina ounikira kachitidwe. Pa kumbuyo ndi otchedwa mchira. Ali kupereka ulamuliro pa ndege.

Kamangidwe ka nthenga

Taganizirani ndege ambiri, mchira gawo limene anapanga malinga chiwembu tingachipeze powerenga, mmene zitsanzo zambiri asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba. Pankhaniyi, mchira yopingasa adzakhala akupanga amodzi gawo - stabilizer (ku Latin Stabilis, khola) ndi makina - chikepe.

The stabilizer akutumikira opatsa bata ndege za olamulira yopingasa. Ngati ndege mphuno adzagwa, ndiye moyenera, aft fuselage, pamodzi ndi nthenga adzauka. Mu nkhani iyi, mpweya pa chapamwamba padziko stabilizer kuwonjezeka. Kwaiye kuthamanga stabilizer adzabwere (motero, ndipo fuselage) pamalo wapachiyambi. Pamene kukweza mphuno wa fuselage wa otaya mpweya zingawonjezere kukakamiza stabilizer m'munsi pamwamba, ndi udzabwerera kwa malo ake apachiyambi. Izi zimathandiza basi (popanda woyendetsa phukusi) LA kukhazikika mu ndege kotenga ndi kulemekeza olamulira yopingasa.

Kumbuyo kwa ndegeyo ilinso ndi mchira choimirira. Mofananamo, yopingasa, tichipeza amodzi gawo - pa muyezo, ndi mafoni - zowongolera. Muyezo amapereka bata ndege zoyenda za nguli ofukula mu ndege yopingasa. Mfundo ntchito ndi ofanana ndi zochita za stabilizer chipsyepsye - kukana muyezo mphuno anapanduka lamanja lamanzere, kuthamanga pa dzanja lamanja ndege ukuwonjezeka ndi akadzabweranso muyezo (ndi fuselage) udindo m'mbuyomu.

Motero, kulemekeza nkhwangwa awiri ndege bata anaonetsetsa zikuuluka. Koma panali olamulira wina - kotenga. Kupereka basi kayendedwe bata ndi kulemekeza olamulira kuti (mu yopingasa ndege) glider phiko kutonthoza anakonza osati horizontally koma pa makona wachibale wina ndi mzake kuti malekezero a mtima anapanduka m'mwamba. Kakonzedwe kotero akufanana kalata «V».

kachitidwe kasamalidwe

Control pamalo - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ndege kuti kulamulira ndegeyo. Zikuphatikizapo ailerons, chiwongolero ndi kutalika. Control amaperekedwa ndi kulemekeza chomwecho nkhwangwa atatu mu ndege yomweyo atatu.

Chikepe - ndi makina kumbuyo mbali ya stabilizer lapansi. Ngati stabilizer tichipeza m'mabokosi ziwiri, motero, pali awiri kapena pamalo amene anasiyana m'mwamba kapena pansi n'kubereka, onse synchronously. Ndi kuti, woyendetsa akhoza kusintha ndege ndege okwera.

Zowongolera - ndi makina kumbuyo mbali ya muyezo wa. Pamene anapanduka mbali ina kumachitika kuuluka bwino potsatira njira mphamvu imene imazungulira ndege za olamulira ofukula adapyola pakati pa misa zosiyana kuchokera kumbali ya kupatuka wa chiwongolero. Kasinthasintha kumachitika malinga ngati dalaivala sabwerera wa chiwongolero ndi ndale (sanali anapanduka malo), ndipo LA adzakwaniritsadi gululi ina yatsopano.

Ailerons (ku French Aile, phiko.) - mbali yaikulu ya ndege, amene makina mbali phiko mapanelo. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa ndege za olamulira kotenga (mu ndege yopingasa). Popeza awiri mapanelo mapiko, ndi ailerons ndi awiri. Amagwira ntchito synchronously, koma mosiyana ndi chikepi, osati anapanduka ku mbali imodzi, ndi osiyana. Ngati aileron wina anapanduka upwardly, ena pansi. Pa mapiko kutonthoza kumene aileron anapanduka m'mwamba kukweza mphamvu yafupika, ndi kumene kunsi - ukuwonjezeka. Ndipo fuselage ndege imazungulira mu chitsogozo cha aileron anamuukitsa.

injini

ndege zonse zili ndi dongosolo zosagwiritsa kuti amalola osauka liwiro, choncho kupereka zochotsa mphamvu. Zipangizo akhoza adzaikidwa mu kumbuyo kwa ndege (lililonse ndege ndege), kutsogolo (magalimoto ang'ono-injini) ndi mapiko (wamba ndege, zoyendera yoponya mabomba).

Iwo anawagawa:

• Zotakasika - turbojet, kugunda, wapawiri-dera, kudzera-otaya.
• Wononga - pisitoni (tinakwera lotengeka), turboprop.
• Bomba - madzi, olimba.

machitidwe ena

Kumene, m'madera ena a ndege komanso ofunika. Galimotoyo kulola ndege kunyamuka dziko ndi airfields okonzeka. Pali achule, kumene zoyandama apadera ntchito m'malo mwa galimotoyo - kulola kuti avule ndi dziko pa malo aliwonse kumene madzi (nyanja, mtsinje, nyanja). Mumadziwika chitsanzo cha ndege kuwala zida ndi zipangizo, ntchito m'madera ndi khola chisanu chivundikiro.

ndege masiku ano amalimbikitsa zipangizo zamagetsi, zipangizo kulankhulana ndi kufala kwa zambiri. Mu ndege asilikali amagwiritsa makina apamwamba chida chandamale kupeza ndi chizindikiro yimitsira.

Gawo

Mwa maikidwe ndege anawagawa m'magulu awiri: boma ndi asilikali. Mbali yaikulu ya ndege zonyamula yodziwika ndi kukhala okonzeka kanyumba okwana agwilitse mbali yaikulu ya fuselage lapansi. Chinthu chapadera ndi portholes pa mbali ya thupi.

Civil ndege anawagawa:

• Zonyamula - ndege m'deralo, anansi chachikulu (osiyanasiyana zosakwana 2000 km), ndi zikutanthauza (osiyanasiyana zosakwana 4000 km) (mtunda wa osachepera 9000 km) ndi intercontinental (osiyanasiyana oposa 11 000 km).
• Katundu - Yatsani (kulemera kwa katundu mpaka tonnes 10), sing'anga (katundu kulemera matani 40) ndi katundu (kulemera kwa katundu matani oposa 40).
• cholinga chapadera - ukhondo, ulimi, nzeru (ayezi reconnaissance, ryborazvedka), moto nkhondo, chifukwa mlengalenga kujambula.
• Maphunziro.

Mosiyana ndi zitsanzo wamba, gawo la ndege za nkhondo ndi omasuka kanyumba ndi portholes. Mbali yaikulu ya fuselage amachita machitidwe zida, zipangizo kufufuza, ntchito Motors ndi mayunitsi ena.

Mwa maikidwe asilikali ndege zamakono (kuphatikizapo ntchito asilikali kuti acite) akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu zotsatirazi: omenyana, ndege kuukira, zoponya mabomba (chida), reconnaissance, zoyendera asilikali, yapadera ndi maofesi wothandiza.

chipangizo ndege

The zida ndege zimadalira dera kuuluka bwino potsatira njira, imene iwo anapanga. Kuuluka bwino potsatira njira chithunzi yodziwika ndi chiwerengero cha zofunika ndi makonzedwe a kubala pamalo. Ngati mphuno a ndege mu ambiri a zanyengo zofanana, malo ndi Masamu mapiko ndi gawo mchira siyana amasiyana.

Pali madera awa LA chipangizo:

• "Chakale".
• "Kuuluka phiko".
• "Bakha".
• "Tailless".
• "Mgwilizano".
• Mpandadenga chiwembu.
• Tikaphatikiza chiwembu.

Ndege imene chiwembu chakale

Taganizirani mbali yaikulu ya ndege ndi ntchito zawo. Chakale (yachibadwa) mawonekedwe a zigawo ndi misonkhano ndi zina zipangizo kwambiri dziko, kaya asilikali wamba. The mbali yaikulu - mapiko - zikugwira ntchito mu woyera phe otaya umene ukufika bwino mapiko ndi kutitengera zina zochotsa mphamvu.

Uta wa luso ndi kufupikitsidwa, omwe amachepetsa m'deralo chofunika (choncho misa) wa stabilizer choimirira. Ichi ndi chifukwa mphuno wa fuselage chochititsa kusokoneza yaw kamphindi za olamulira ofukula la ndegeyo. Kuchepetsa fuselage patsogolo bwino pamaso pa Chigawo kutsogolo.

The kuipa chiwembu yachibadwa ali motere:

• Job yopingasa mchira (HT) ndi kopendekera phiko sankasangalala mtsinje kwambiri amachepetsa Mwachangu ake, loyenera ntchito nthenga lokulirapo (choncho misa).
• ofukula mchira (MU) kupereka ndege bata ayenera kulenga zoipa Nyamulani mphamvu, mwachitsanzo kunsi. Izi amachepetsa Mwachangu akukhudzidwira la ndegeyo: ukulu wa m'mwamba, amene amalenga mapiko, m'pofunika kuti zotsatira, zolengedwa kupitirira. kuchuluka m'dera phiko ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito n'chongoletsa zodabwitsazi (choncho misa).

ndege chipangizo pa "bakha"

Ndi nyumba imeneyi, gawo lalikulu la ndegeyo anayikidwa mosiyana mu zitsanzo "chakale". Choyamba, kusintha ndi mzere-yopingasa mchira. Malowa ali pamtunda kutsogolo kwa mapiko a. Pansi chiwembu ichi, anamanga ndege wake woyamba Bratya Rayt.

ubwino:

• Ofukula mchira akuthamanga otaya phe, amene kumawonjezera Mwachangu ake.
• Kuonetsetsa mtendere wa nthenga ndege amalenga Nyamulani zabwino, mwachitsanzo anawonjezera kuti Nyamulani wa mapiko a. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuchepetsa malo ake ndipo chotero, kulemera.
• Natural "antispin" chitetezo: kuthekera posamutsa mapiko pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino supercritical kuukira kwa "abakha" Kwaletsedwa. stabilizer chikuyambika kuti izo zikuchoka ngodya wamkulu kuukira kuposa mapiko a.
• Osuntha focal ndege ndi changu pamene "bakha" amapezeka ku umakondera kuposa dongosolo zachikhalidwe. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kusintha ang'onoang'ono mu mlingo wa kotenga malo amodzi mtendere wa ndege, kenako, zimatithandiza kasamalidwe tingachidziwe.

Kuipa chiwembu "bakha":

• Ndi kusokoneza otaya pa feathering kumachitika osati pa kuchoka ndege kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ang'onoang'ono a mlandu, komanso wake "sagging" chifukwa kuchepetsa okwana zochotsa mphamvu zake. Izi ndi owopsa m'dziko chifukwa cha moyandikana wa zinthu zofunika ndi ndegeyo.
• Pamaso pa patsogolo fuselage mchira impairs review asilikali a Chigawo cha m'munsi.
• Kuchepetsa dera kutalika kutsogolo kwa Pitani patsogolo fuselage n'zofunika kwambiri. Izi kumawonjezera kusokoneza yaw kamphindi, ndipo, chotero, kuonjezera m'dera ndi kulemera kwa kukonza.

Ndege anapanga pa "tailless"

Mu zitsanzo za mtundu uwu si zofunika, gawo lodziwika bwino la ndegeyo. Photo ndege "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "ngatimadzi", "Volcano") chimasonyeza kuti alibe mchira yopingasa. Ubwino waukulu chiwembu awa:

• Kuchepetsa mazunzo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira kukana, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa ndege pa liwilo, monga ikuthamanga. Izi kumachepetsa ndalama mafuta.
• Large phiko torsional chinthu chimodzimodzi kuti bwino makhalidwe aeroelastic ali akwaniritsa makhalidwe mkulu wa maneuverability.

kuipa:

• Chifukwa akusamala ena modes ndege gawo mechanization trailing m'mphepete (kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke) ndi zofunika pamalo ulamuliro nacho oposa, omwe amachepetsa Nyamulani wonse wa ndege.
• Kuphatikiza LA akulamulira yopingasa ndi kotenga nkhwangwa (chifukwa pakalibe ndichikepe), izo chatsitsa makhalidwe a akuchitira. Chosowa feathering apadera amapanga ulamuliro kali ndi m'mphepete kumbuyo kwa mapiko, kuti agwire (ngati n'koyenera) oikidwa ailerons ndi zikepe. ulamuliro pamalo awa akutchedwa elevons.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito njira mawotchi moyenera ndegeyo impairs zofunika ndipo tidakocheza ake makhalidwe.

"Kuuluka phiko"

Ndi zolinga zawo, tingati palibe mbali ya ndege monga fuselage lapansi. ndalama zonse chofunika kwa mayikidwe a adalira, payload, injini, mafuta, komanso zida ndi pakati pa mapiko a. chiwembu Izi Ubwino:

• Chotsikitsitsa kuuluka bwino potsatira njira m'mbuyo.
• Unyinji zing'onozing'ono kukonza. Pankhaniyi, lonse Unyinji imagwera pa mapiko a.
• Popeza kotenga ndege kukula yaing'ono (chifukwa cha kusowa fuselage), mphindi kusokoneza ndi kulemekeza nguli ofukula ndi negligible. Zimenezi zimathandiza okonza kaya kuchepetsa dera, kapena kuletsa izo (mbalame amadziwika ofukula mchira palibe).

The kuipa ndi zovuta za polojekiti ndege ndege.

"Mgwilizano"

Chiwembu "tandem", pamene mapiko awiri anakonza mmodzi, kawirikawiri ntchito. njira ntchito kuonjezera m'dera la mapiko a pa makhalidwe a matalikidwe ake ndi kutalika kwa fuselage lapansi. Izi amachepetsa katundu zenizeni pa mapiko a. The kuipa chiwembu ichi ndi chachikulu kuuluka bwino potsatira njira kuukoka, kuchuluka kwa mphindi inertia, makamaka kwa olamulira yopingasa la ndegeyo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera liwiro kuthawa kusintha makhalidwe a kotenga muyezo ndege. Utsogoleri pamwamba Jets choncho oyenerera mwachindunji pa mapiko, ndi nthenga ya.

kuphatikiza chiwembu

Pankhaniyi, mbali zikuluzikulu za ndege mwina pamodzi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana structural. Mwachitsanzo, yopingasa mchira ndipo anapereka patsogolo ndi aft fuselage. Iwo otchedwa akuyendetsa kukweza mphamvu akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pachifukwa ichi, mphuno zopanda phokoso pamodzi ndi ziphuphu zimapanga mphamvu yowonjezera. Mphindi wa chithunzi chomwe chimachitika pazifukwazi chidzakonzedwa kuti chiwonjezere chiwombankhanga (mphuno ya ndege ikukwera). Pofotokoza mfundo imeneyi, mchira umapanga mphindi kuti uchepetse kulowera (mphuno ya ndege ikuchepetsedwa). Pachifukwachi, mphamvu ya pamchira iyenso iyenera kupita kumtunda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yonyamula pamphuno PAMODZI, pamphepete ndi pamchira Pitani (ndipo motero, pa ndege yonse) popanda kuyendetsa ndege. Pankhaniyi, ndegeyo imangobwera popanda kusintha kulikonse kumene kuli pakati pake. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pokhala ndi ndege yotereyi, imatha kupanga chisinthiko poyerekeza ndi pakatikati pa ndege m'ngalawa yaitali popanda kusintha kayendetsedwe ka ndege.

Kukhoza kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kotereku kumawongolera kwambiri njira zamakono ndi zamakono za ndege zowonongeka. Makamaka kuphatikizapo kutsogolera mwachindunji mphamvu yowonongeka, kuti pakhale kukonza kwa ndegeyo osati mchira kokha, komanso mphuno za mphuno za mphuno.

Dera lotembenuza

Ntchito yomanga ndegeyi, yomwe imamangidwanso, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa chiwonongeko kumapeto kwa fuselage. Ntchito yowonongeka ndi kuchepetsa malire ena, kapena kuthetseratu kusamuka kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndege pa ndege pazinthu zoyendetsa ndege. Izi zimapangitsa kuyenda kwa ndege (yomwe ili yofunikira kwa womenyera) komanso kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mafuta kapena kuchepetsa mafuta (izi ndi zofunika kwa ndege zogwira ndege).

Zowonongeranso zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa njira zochotsamo / kubwera pofuna kubwezera mpweya wothamanga, womwe umayambitsidwa ndi kutayika kwa magalimoto (zokopa, ziphuphu) kapena mphuno za fuselage. Pa njira zowonongeka, zowonongeka zimabisala pakati pa fuselage kapena zimayendetsedwa ndi nyengo ya nyengo (imayendetsedwa mosavuta pamtsinje).