Medical Parasitology: Tanthauzo, matenda, majeremusi gulu

dziko lathu ndi wokongola komanso osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Zikwi zamoyo amasirira kukongola kwake, mphamvu, luso kupulumuka ndi zinthu zina zapadera. Koma, mwatsoka, pali kuwala kukhala chilichonse kukopa ndipo amasiyana okha chakuti moyo likuvutika zolengedwa zina. Iwo majeremusi. Medical Parasitology amachitira ndi anthu a iwo ndi owopsa kwa anthu thanzi ndi moyo.

N'zovuta kumvetsa mmene ambiri a iwo alipo mu dziko. Izi ndi mavairasi, ndi mabakiteriya ndi bowa, ndi nyongolotsi, ndi tizilombo ndi losavuta - mamilioni angapo mitundu, ndipo ambiri a iwo zambiri kapena kulephera kutivulaza. Kudziwa ndendende zotani majeremusi zinabindikira mu mwamuna ndi zimamuthandiza vuto, pali wapadera mankhwala ndi kafukufuku mabungwe Mwachitsanzo, mu Moscow ndi Institute of Parasitology ndi Otentha Medicine dzina lake Martsinovsky. Iwo kafukufuku kudziwa tizirombo ndi mankhwala mankhwala zotsatira zake.

mabungwe wofanana m'mizinda yambiri ya mayiko anayamba a dziko, chifukwa majeremusi kuukira anthu a mibadwo yonse, mafuko, ethnicities ndi agonane, ndi nyengo zonse. Kodi kuzindikira kuti mwakhala yaing'ono ndi tizilombo okupha anthu? Kodi kuchita ndi kumene kupita thandizo? Tiyeni tifufuze.

Parasitology ndi chiyani?

Kuyamba, tione zina mawu. Ambiri a iwo - Parasitology. Ndi sayansi nkhawa ndi kuphunzira majeremusi zamoyo zizindikiro zawo morphological wa moyo, mfundo parasitism wa etiology, pathogenesis, komanso chitukuko cha njira kulimbana nawo, ndipo anapeza mankhwala atsopano zochizira matenda kuti iwo amayambitsa. Limodzi mwa madera akuluakulu a sayansi, okhazikika mu tizirombo anthu, ndi parasitology zachipatala. Liwulo angapereke zotsatirazi - ali mbali ina ya mankhwala kuti amaphunzira uliwonse wa ntchito tizilombo wa tizirombo - iwo kupatsira munthu, amene amayambitsa matenda monga zidzachitika kuposa ndi yoopsa, momwe amazisamalira ndi momwe angatetezere ndi iwo.

Alipo parasitology Chowona Zanyama, zomwe, mfundo, ndi chinthu chomwecho monga mankhwala, kokha nyama. Mu chikhalidwe, pali gulu la zamoyo angathe kumenya anthu ndi nyama. Koma nthawi zambiri ndi zamoyo tizilombo ndinazolowera ntchito parasitic mu mtundu wina wa makamu, mwachitsanzo, okhawo mu mbalame kapena mwa anthu okha, kapena nyama magazi ofunda. Choncho, pali zigawo ziwiri za Parasitology, mmodzi amene amachita ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo amene amayambitsa matenda mwa anthu, ena - nyama.

Ndime ya Parasitology Medical

majeremusi Army osati lambiri, komanso ali ndi nkhope ambiri. Aliyense wa mitundu ali mwini, achilendo iye yekha basi tingachidziwe moyo ndipo ndi yosiyana kwambiri kudwala. Kuti atsogolere ntchito asayansi mwina kusiyanitsa kafukufuku kuti, mu mankhwala parasitology kuzindikiridwa nkhani zingapo, chidwi kokha mitundu ina ya zamoyo:

- protozoology;

- arachnoentomology;

- Helminthology.

Zofunika: zizindikiro za matenda, chifukwa oimira aliyense zigawo izi nthawi zambiri ndi ofanana ndi zizindikiro za matenda zosagwirizana ndi infestation, kotero popanda mayesero kira kuperekedwa mankhwala, amene kutsogolera zotsatira zabwino. Kuthetseratu kuthekera kwa matenda, ayenera kulandira chithandizo mu Medical Center wa Parasitology (ngati zilipo m'mudzi), kapena ku malo ena thanzi nawo matenda a matenda parasitic.

Medical protozoology

Pawiri mawu "protozoology" wapangidwa atatu yosavuta, imene Greek zikutanthauza otsatirawa: "MAKAMU" - woyamba "Zoo" - nyama ndi "logy" - mwachisawawa anamasulira ndi chilichonse, kuphunzitsa. Kuti ndi gawo la Medical Parasitology protozoology chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira mitundu parasitic moyo kuti chikanachitika pakati pa oyamba mu dziko. Onsewo ali zokhala ndi selo imodzi mogwirizana - amoeba kudziwika ku sukulu ciliates ena. Ambiri a iwo amakhala chilengedwe, popanda kuchititsa mavuto, koma ena gululi kuti ndinazolowera moyo mwa zamoyo zina. Kamodzi munthu, iwo amachitcha icho parasitic kapena, mwa kulankhula kwina, matenda parasitic. Izi tizilombo zoopsa monga izi:

1. Amoebas. miyeso awo ndi mamilimita 0.5 kapena zochepa, ndipo thupi zikusintha mawonekedwe oumbidwa ndi kukoka ena njira zina. tizilombo timeneti, kamodzi mu intestine anthu, kuchititsa yoopsa matenda amebiasis atagwira "wolemekezeka" lachiwiri ku dziko mu mawu a imfa ku pathologies olanda. Munthu, mitundu yambiri ya amoebae parasitic. Kamwazi (Entamoeba histolytica) ndi anayambitsa kamwazi, mtundu zosavuta Acanthamoeba keratitis amakwiya woyamba ndi ameba ndi chiwerengero cha amoebas chifukwa amoebic encephalitis. Matenda ndi chakudya kapena madzi munali chotupa woyamba ndi ameba komanso mogwirizana ndi chonyamulira awo. Kamodzi matumbo ndi anadzetsa mpanda wake, amoeba ndi magazi akutsatiridwa pa thupi waikamo mwa ziwalo zina, nthawi zambiri chiwindi ndi zotupa zina anapanga amebiasis.

2. flagellates. Monga dzina lake likunenera, izi Kungoti anasamukira mwa cilia, michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ndi zina mabungwe ofanana. Medical Parasitology ndi matenda parasitic umafananirako ziribe kanthu mtundu wanji wa zamoyo sichinayambe ankaona. Makamaka, flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis amachititsa trichomoniasis urogenital zinadzala ndi osabereka, ndipo nthawi akadwala, pakati, trichomoniasis zingachititse padera. Trichomonas, mosiyana ndi tizilombo tina ambiri amakhala yekha mwa munthu, ndipo kudzera mwa kukhudzana pafupi (kugonana). Ena oimira otchuka flagellates - mamembala a mtundu Leishmania, Gambian trypanosome zimene zimachititsa trypanosomiasis African wakupha. Trypanosomes kufalitsa wa ntchentche za kambalame zimafalitsa. Mu munthu, majeremusi kusuntha kwa ubongo. zochita zawo ndi kusokoneza pafupifupi onse machitidwe thupi. Komabe pali sporozoans, zoopsa kwambiri zimene amaona Taxoplasma gandi, kuchititsa toxoplasmosis.

3. ciliates. Mwa iwo sali okha nsapato, komanso coli Balantidium, amene anagunda intestine kumayambitsa matenda balanthidiasis kwambiri. Ndi kachilombo balantidiumom matumbo akhoza kukhala ndi nyama ndi kudya iwo kusinthitsa kuphika chokwanira nyama, ndi kudya chakudya ndi madzi ku cysts tiziromboti.

Medical arachnoentomology

Mu Greek, "arachnis" - kangaude a. Choncho, arachnoentomology - ndi parasitology zachipatala chinkhoswe arachnids ndi arthropods ambiri, parasitic pa anthu. majeremusi onse awa anatsegula oposa hafu miliyoni. Iwo akhoza kukhala zosakhalitsa (anaukira ndi kumwa magazi a munthuyo komanso kumanzere) ndi okhazikika (moyo pa wovulalayo chibadwire ku imfa). zowopsya zazikulu gulu la majeremusi ndi chifukwa kuti akudwala kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapha matenda olanda. Kotero, ife kupereka nthata encephalitis, relapsing malungo, matenda Lyme, mphere, utitiri kutiphunzitsa mliri, Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, nsikidzi - Chagas matenda, udzudzu - malungo, tizilombo ta matenda, chikasu malungo. Palinso tizilombo ena oopsa ndi majeremusi - nsabwe, Ntchentche za kambalame, kavalo ntchentche, nsabwe nkhuni. Komanso, pali dongosolo yaikulu tizilombo timene m'chilengedwe sali, komanso kunyamula matenda oopsa. Izo ntchentche, mphemvu, kafadala zosiyanasiyana.

Medical helminthology

Pakati tiziromboti anthu si kakang'ono, koma ndithu lalikulu, mwangwiro kuonekera kwa apoyera, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale yaikulu payekha. Iwo mphutsi ndi mphutsi, ndi mphutsi za sayansi. Chaka chilichonse iwo ali ndi kachilombo aliyense wokhala wachiwiri wa dziko lathuli, ndi mu Russia, malinga ndi kafukufuku, helminthiasis akuvutika 99% ya anthu. Choncho n'zovuta Musaone kufunika kwa ntchito, amene zikugwira parasitology zachipatala, kupulumutsa nzika wathu matenda izi. Helminths aigwire osati okhawo amene alibe kutsatira ukhondo dzanja, kapena kudya zipatso osasamba ndi masamba, komanso anthu amene amadya undercooked mbale nyama ziweto, nkhuku, nsomba, kumwa madzi Popanda kuchitapo kanthu.

Ngakhale mwangozi kukakwera akhoza Mwachitsanzo, kumeza chakudya nyerere chonyamulira mphutsi helminth kapena cysts. Pali gulu la nyongolotsi (iwo akutchedwa ojambula) kuti alowe thupi la wovulalayo kudzera pakhungu wawo. Medical Parasitology, Helminthology makamaka, kodi osati zosiyanasiyana mitundu mphutsi, komanso kuphunzira mikombelo yawo chitukuko, monga gulu limodzi la anthu ndi gulu labwino kwambiri, ndi zina - wapakatikati.

M'pofunikanso kuphunzira mmene ndi nthawi siteji ya chitukuko tiziromboti amatha kulowa kwa anthu, chinyama wobwezera khamu wapakatikati, ndi mmene anthu ntchito, amagwirizana ndi zimenezi. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka kwa flatworms. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha njoka zam'mimba za matepi Bovine, kumera mu thupi la munthu kuti mamita 10 m'litali, ndi ng'ombe, ndi nkhumba njoka zam'mimba za matepi - nkhumba, njoka zam'mimba za matepi yotakata - nsomba.

nematodes

Chotero anaitana roundworms, zimene zimapezeka mu chikhalidwe ndipo limafotokoza 24,000 mitundu. Mwamwayi, si onse amene ali parasitic munthu, koma iwo amene ali mu ndondomeko ya kusanduka asankha anthu amene amayambitsa ife matenda ndithu chonyansa - nematodes. Ambiri amadziwika pakati pa anthu a nematodes - ndi pinworms, ndiwo mphutsi kwambiri ambiri ana mu dziko lonse ndi kuchititsa matenda enterobiosis. Pinworms moyo kokha munthu (m'matumbo), matenda kumachitika mwa manja zauve, zipatso osasamba ndi masamba, bafuta ndi banja katundu, ntchito ndi wodwalayo.

Doctor parasitologist mosavuta kudziwa zamapini infestation kale pa limodzi khalidwe chizindikiro - kuyabwa kwambiri chotulukira, chifukwa ndi kumene nyongolotsi kuikira mazira. Kuti kuyambitsa kuyabwa, iwo secrete asidi wapadera. Wodwala wayamba chipeso malo, ndi mazira mu ndondomeko imeneyi kugwa m'manja mwake, ndipo kenako pa kamwa, zovala, zidole - kulikonse. Chilengedwe amakhala nthawi yaitali, kotero wovulalayo lotsatira ngati salandira kusamba manja, mosavuta kuthetsa zamapini mu thupi lawo. Wina woimira odziwika wa nematode zozungulira ndi kuchititsa ascariasis. Iwo amakhala yekha mwa munthu, koma pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko, kukhazikika mu mapapo kapena matumbo. Gwero la matenda Pankhaniyi alinso kokha odwala munthu, ndi matenda chifukwa kupanda ukhondo.

diagnostics

Monga Tingaone pamwamba, ndi majeremusi anthu, pali mazana, ndi aliyense ali peculiarities yake. Pofuna kukhazikitsa molondola matenda dokotala parasitologist kwenikweni amatenga mbiri:

- limamveketsa mavuto nthenda kuti zinachitika (wodwalayo moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ntchito yake, kapena kukhala patchuthi, mwachitsanzo, mu nkhalango kapena m'mayiko miliri pafupipafupi matenda parasitic);

- kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa mgwirizano wa wodwalayo ndi magulu osiyana za nyama, ndi zina zotero);

- zizindikiro za matenda (ngati pali kuyabwa zidzolo, zizindikiro za kuledzera, kufooka, magazi m'thupi).

A mbali yofunika kwambiri matenda anachita mayesero zasayansi. Iwo mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina. Direct ndi kudziwa mazira, mphutsi kapena njira zina moyo wa tizilombo mu excreta anthu (ndowe, sputum, mkodzo). Ntchito imeneyi ikuchitika parasitology zasayansi pamene wodwalayo pochitika yekha chuma atsopano kafukufuku. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya mphutsi angapezeke mu chimbudzi, palibe pasanafike Mphindi 20 pambuyo matumbo kuyenda.

Ngati inu kusonkhanitsa mabuku atsopano ndi zovuta kapena zosatheka (mwachitsanzo, ngati majeremusi ali mu chiwindi, ubongo), achite mayeso zina. Iwo wapezeka mwazi wa wodwalayo chitetezo yeniyeni opangidwa ndi thupi kuti adziteteze infestation.

chithandizo

Kukonzekera Parasitology Medical chiwonongeko mu majeremusi thupi amapereka osiyanasiyana ambiri. Munthu obweretsa wosakwatiwa, wapulumutsidwa mitundu yonse ndi zoimira matenda, kulibe. Choncho, mankhwala ayenera anaika madokotala ndipo patapita matenda zolondola. Pakali pano, anayamba mankhwala, kuphatikizapo ake mebendazole umembala, diethylcarbamizine, levamisole, Piperazine adipate ndi zinthu zina. Aliyense angathe kuwononga yekha inayake majeremusi. Nthawi zina, monga Bovine unyolo pa matenda, mankhwala amachitidwa opaleshoni.

parasitology Chowona Zanyama

Chigawo chino Nkofunika kuti anthu amene ali ndi ziweto, koma aliyense wa ife, ngakhale amene kwathunthu paliponse osati kukumana ndi nyama akhoza kutenga matendawa ndi kudya nyama, nsomba, kapena kukhala kapolo wa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono. Chowona Zanyama Parasitology zochimwazo kumathetsa osiyanasiyana kwambiri za ntchito:

- amasanthula ziweto pamaso pa iwo onse majeremusi panopa amadziwika;

- umabala chithandizo;

- amaonetsetsa kuti masitolo sanapeze nyama yowola, mkaka, zakudya zina nyama, komanso nsomba ndi nsomba, zifotokoza amoyo ndi nyama akufa, ndi nkhani ya paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi kuwukira kudziwika amapereka zone kwaokha.

kupewa

Pofuna kuti akudwala zosiyanasiyana majeremusi, chibwenzi, mwangwiro cholinga katemera. Iwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, nyamuka pa tchuthi kapena ntchito ku Latin America, Africa ndi madera ena anthu tizilombo yeniyeni (nampsopsonetsa nsikidzi, ntchentche za kambalame zimafalitsa, ndi ena) zomwe zingachititse matenda oopsa. Katemera ayenera kulankhula ndi Institute of Parasitology pa bungwe chamankhwala a m'mudzi, kuchita ntchito imeneyi. Kwa anthu a m'madera matenda ndi kubuka pafupipafupi chifukwa cha tizilombo parasitic (monga bango ofalitsidwa encephalitis ndi Urals, Siberia ndi Far East), ndipo kwa iwo amene ati kumadera awa chifukwa chokhalitsa kapena zosakhalitsa zogona chilolezo mogwirizana katemera.

Zikusonyezanso kupewa matenda olanda akudya okha kutsimikiziridwa mankhwala a ukhondo anayendera. Komanso, musagwiritse ntchito madzi ndi madzi popanda otentha.

Koma ambiri Chofunika, yopezeka kwa zigawo zonse za njira anthu popewa kuwukira ndi ukhondo, mwachitsanzo kusamba manja, zipatso, masamba, ndi kuphika chokwanira nyama, nsomba, mkaka.