The chromosomal chiphunzitso cha chibadwa

Ziyembekezo zake ndi mantha, amene adzakhala ofanana ndi mwana wosabadwayo, ndi aliyense wa makolo adzalandira nzeru ndi zimene makhalidwe ofanana adzakhala yodziwika nthawi ayende Moms, abambo ndi agogo mu mimba zawo ndi akakhala wakhanda. Koma si choncho amadalira kwambiri pa makolo - apa amachita chromosomal chiphunzitso cha chibadwa, chibadwa ndi ... mlandu.

Amadziwika kuti DNA anthu okhala majini anawagawa mitundu iwiri - autosomes ndi DNA kugonana. Zina majini imakhudzana ndi chigololo anthu, pamene Mavesi a autosomes muli mfundo chibadwa. jini ndi DNA gawo munali angapo nucleotides ndi ndondomeko ya zomwe ndi mfundo chibadwa, imbaenda zina mapangidwe makhalidwe enieni a chamoyo. Iwo ali a mitundu iwiri - wamphamvu ndi recessive. njira kujambula mfundo majini majini kupanga mindandanda nyukiliotayidi, ndipo amatchedwa malamulo chibadwa.

Ndi dzira ndi umuna pa lingaliro kubweretsa awiriawiri awo 23 kofunika kudziwa yoopsa malamulo chibadwa. Ngakhale yalidwa diso mtundu wa mwana, matabwa ake thupi, zizoloŵezi chosiyana ndi zofunazo. Ichi ndi matsenga nambala 23 zikutanthauza kuti mayi ndi bambo zapita theka likulu lawo majini - kuti n'zosatheka kuneneratu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti, khalidwe la mwana chifukwa cha kudutsa awiri chuma kholo. 22 autosomes liwerengedwa ndi kukula. DNA ena awiri, X ndi Y, ndi DNA kugonana. chitsanzo DNA anthu anakonza awiriawiri ndipo anaitana karyotype.

Chibadwa, omwe amachita mchitidwe wa kuswana kwambiri, ndi chuma lofunika kwa zinthu zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe chawo - morphological, thupi, amuzolengedwa kapena m'maganizo. Malamulo zoyambirira za chibadwa anali kukonza mu 1866, Mendel, amene ankaona anayambitsa sayansi ya chibadwa. Iye ananena kuti katundu aliyense amene amadalira zifukwa zenizeni majini (majini analandiranso dzina), mu mapangidwe gametes kugawana nawo umuna awo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu amabadwa ndi osakaniza zosiyana za chibadwa makolo ndi akuchikazi.

ntchito Mendel anapitiriza, ndi American zachibadwa Thomas H. Morgan. chromosomal chiphunzitso chakuti cha chibadwa zochokera zotsatira za kafukufuku ntchentche-drozdofil. Iye anazindikira kuti majini ili DNA osiyana tinatengera paokha. Pophatikizana DNA pa umuna n'kofunika kwambiri kufala kwa makhalidwe cholowa. Mugulu lili majini ofanana ndi losavuta mawonekedwe a cholowa akhoza kugwirizana ndi peyala imodzi imene imachititsa.

Komanso, khromozomu chiphunzitso zodzinenera cholowa ndi majini zotheka debonding. Kulephera nambala yachibadwa DNA maselo ndipo chifukwa kutsogolera matenda chibadwa cha munthu. Ena kuvutika khromozomu mulibe matenda ena nthandala, ngakhale zambiri kungathandize kuti kubadwa kwa mwana ndi chiwerengero nthenda DNA (khromozomu syndrome). kudwala izi zikhoza lofotokozeredwa m'njira chepetse chiwerengero DNA, pamaso pa magazini, malangizo n'zosiyana kapena ubwenzi mbali ya khromozomu kuti asakhale ndi vutoli wina. masinthidwe ambiri salowerera mokwanira, ndipo ziribe mphamvu pa chitukuko anthu. Kuchotserapo ndi chromosomal aberrations kuti kusintha kapangidwe ka DNA lapansi.

kafukufuku Morgan sizinali pachabe. chromosomal wake chiphunzitso cha chibadwa linatsimikizidwa ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, pofuna mu kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha mbewu ya.