Medieval nzeru momveka: mavuto zizindikiro kufotokoza mwachidule, masitepe

Middle Ages - ndi pafupifupi zaka chikwi nthawi mu mbiri ya Ulaya. Iwo anachokera ku kugwa mu zana lachisanu AD, Ufumu wa Roma, analanda feudalism ndipo itha pa chiyambi cha chakhumi ndi chisanu, pamene izo ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Mbali yaikulu ya nzeru za Zapakati

NKHANI nzeru akale mwachidule azipereka chikhulupiriro cha Chikristu ngati chida cha kugwirizana kwa anthu onse, mosaganizira mmene ndalama, dziko ntchito, kugonana. Medieval afilosofi anaonetsetsa kuti munthu aliyense anabatizidwa, mwayi wopeza phindu mu moyo m'tsogolo, omwe amakumana izi. Chikhulupiriro mu mzimu wosafa monga mbali yaikulu ya akamanena za munthu aliyense adzaitana pa zonse: Mfumu ndi wopemphetsa, wamsonkhoyo ndi waluso, odwala ndi wathanzi, chachimuna ndi chachikazi. Ngati ife ndikulingalira magawo a zamoyo wa nzeru akale, mwachidule, kuti ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbalume za Chikhristu ndi oyamba a worldview Mkhristu mu kuzunza anthu malinga ndi zofunikira za feudalism monga mawonekedwe akuluakulu a boma m'mayiko ambiri a nthawi.

Vuto la nzeru Christian

The mavuto chachikulu cha nzeru akale mwachidule kovuta. Ngati inu kuyesera kupereka iwo mu mawu ochepa, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro dziko la Mpingo wa Chikhristu, chowaloleza kwa chiphunzitso chake pa mfundo za sayansi view, ndi maudindo kumvetsa komanso zovomerezeka kwa anthu a magulu onse. Mmodzi nkhondo yaikulu ya nzeru akale unali mutu wa universals. The dichotomy mzimu ndi nkhani anafotokoza mu mkangano pakati pa nominalists ndi moyenera. Malinga Fomy Akvinskogo mfundo chilengedwe anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe zitatu. Choyamba - domaterilny, kuti ndi chosaoneka ndi maso, mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo choyambirira cha Mlengi. The chachiwiri - zakuthupi kapena weniweni, ndiye maonekedwe. Chachitatu - posleveschny, mwa kulankhula kwina, analandidwa mu kukumbukira, mtima wa munthu. Thomas Aquinas anatsutsana Nominalist Rostselin. mfundo yake maganizo kwambiri rationalism anali kuonetsetsa kuti dziko lapansi lizindikire yekha pa kaonedwe ya ulamuliro wa kanthu, chifukwa universals okha maudindo awo. Woyenera kuphunzira zokhazo zomwe munthu. Si limodzi lokha kugwedezeka voti. Mpingo wa Katolika anatsutsa chiphunzitso Rostselina zosagwirizana ndi mfundo za Chikhristu. See Woyera ndipo anavomereza njira kuti dziko ndi Thomas Aquinas. Kuzindikira wake zolimbitsa kenako anatengedwa ndi Mpingo wa Katolika ngati zomveka kwambiri ndi zomveka ndi mosavuta kuphunzira.

Mulungu kufunafuna - ntchito yaikulu ya nzeru ena akale

Medieval nzeru mwachidule akhoza ikhale kufunafuna Mulungu ndi kuvomereza kuti Mulungu alipo. Atomism akatswiri wakale Greek anali kutulutsa, komanso consubstantial mulungu wa Aristotle, koma Platonism, Mosiyana, anatengedwa mu mawonekedwe a utatu alili la Mulungu. Theocentrism nzeru akale anafotokoza mwachidule mu katekisimu. Chikhristu anayamba kutenga udindo lalikulu mu moyo andale a ku Ulaya limati. mavuto aakulu a nthawi ya kusaka ndi nzeru akale mwachidule mokwanira ntchito ngati mphamvu galimoto chifukwa kumayambiriro wachikhristu kuganiza timakhala tsiku ndi tsiku m'madera ulimi pakati pa nzika ndi amalonda pakati kalasi knightly.

Atatu magawo a nzeru akale

Pali magawo zotsatirazi nzeru za akale, mwachidule akamanena za zotsatirazi. Zowombetsa mkota khalidwe la choyamba - kukhazikitsidwa kwa utatu wa Mulungu, umboni wa Mulungu aliko, ndi anatengera miyambo wachikhristu woyambirira ndi zizindikiro kwa mpingo nascent Mkhristu. Gawo lachiwiri la nzeru akale waika yokha ntchito kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa mpingo. Chachitatu nzeru akale mwachidule limanenedwa ngati nthawi ya rethinking wovomerezeka nthawi mbalume yapita Mkhristu. Kulekana kwa zigawo izi pa nthawi ndi anthu okha nzeru ena zitha kukhala salembedwa kwambiri chifukwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana amapereka izi kulemekeza mfundo kosagwirizana. Scholastica, patristic ndi apologetics ndi mosamala zogwirizana ndi zapiringizana. Komabe, kupepesa ndi amaona kuti nthawi ya chiyambi cha view akale a sayansi nthanthi ya kukhala ndi chikumbumtima cha munthuyo ndi amatenga za kutalika kwa nthawi wachiwiri kwa zaka wachisanu. Patristic conventionally kumayambira m'zaka za zana lachitatu angathe lalikulu akugwira ntchito mpaka m'zaka chitatu, scholasticism momveka bwino kwambiri ankaimira mu imeneyi kwa khumi m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi.

apologetics

Gawo loyamba anali chimatanthauza mosalakwitsa. otsatira Aika anali Quintus Septimius Florent Tertullian ndi Kliment Aleksandriysky. Mosalakwitsa nzeru makamaka akale akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza monga nkhondo ndi mfundo achikunja a dongosolo la dziko. Chikhulupiriro ayenera kukhala chifukwa pamwambapa. Kuti Chikhristu umboni, ayenera kutengedwa ngati chowonadi cha Mulungu, popanda kusonyeza kukaika kapena kusemphana maganizo. Chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu chiyenera kukhala zomveka, koma ayenera kukhala cholimba.

patristics

Gawo lachiwiri ndi kudziwa patristic, kuyambira pa nthawi ino palibe kutsimikizira kuti kuli Mulungu. Tsopano nzeru ena ayenera kulandira chinthu chirichonse kubwera kwa iye monga madalitso, monga mphatso zodabwitsa ndi zothandiza. Medieval nzeru Awatu ndi bwino amalankhulira Uthenga kwa amitundu mwa gulu la Nkhondo za Mtanda. Amene si mpingo wa Chikhristu ndi motsutsa izo, ndi moto, ndi lupanga kutenthedwa dissent. St. Avgustin Avrely, mu "kuvomereza" alibe chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu ndi zilakolako zauchimo wa munthu akutha monga mavuto chachikulu cha nzeru akale. Amanenanso kuti zonse zili bwino m'dziko Mulungu, ndi zoipa - ndi chifuniro zoipa wa munthu. dziko lisanalengedwe kuchokera kanthu, kotero zonse izo poyamba anali ndi pathupi wabwino ndi wabwino. Mwamuna ali ndi chifuniro chake ndipo akhoza zilakolako zawo. Mzimu wa munthu sufa ndiponso akuzisunga kukumbukira, ngakhale atachoka malo ake padziko lapansi - kwa thupi la munthu. Malinga patristic, ndi mbali yaikulu ya nzeru akale mwachidule - ndi chilichonse khama kufalitsa Chikhristu padziko lonse monga mudziwe yekha woona za dziko ndi munthu. Iwo anali pa nthawi za akatswiri inakhazikitsidwa ndi thupi la Ambuye, chiwukitsiro Chake ndi kukwera kutsimikiziridwa. Komanso unakhazikitsidwa chiphunzitso cha Khristu adzabwerensoyo wa Mpulumutsi, Chiweruzo chatha, chiukitso ndi moyo watsopano mwa umunthu lotsatira. Nkofunika kuchokera amazionera kuli mwa umuyaya wa Mpingo wa Khristu wa ansembe kupitiriza mkati mwake, anali chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso cha umodzi ndi catholicity wa Mpingo.

scholasticism

Mbali yachitatu - ndi ankaonetsetsa akale nzeru. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za nthawi mwina ikhale ulili n'kofunika Christian Church akhazikitsidwa mu nthawi yapitayi. Pali sukulu, maphunziro zipita zamulungu. Theocentrism nzeru akale, kuika pang'ono, zikuoneka ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwa masukulu ndi mayunivesite ndi lathu zamulungu. Science ndi zaumunthu amaphunzitsidwa pa kaonedwe pa chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu. Philosophy akukhala utumiki wa zamulungu.

Nthanthi kusakasaka ndi anzeru Christian

Medieval nzeru, kufotokoza mwachidule magawo ake lucidly anafotokoza mu mabuku pa mbiriyakale ya nzeru. Pali mungapeze akutchula za ntchito ya oganiza ngati otchuka gawo loyamba, monga oimira apologetics Tatian ndi Origen. Tatian anasonkhana Mauthenga Marko, Luka, Mateyu ndi Yohane mu chimodzi. Iwo anadzatchedwa Chipangano Chatsopano. Origen analenga nthambi ya philology, zochokera nkhani za m'Baibulo. Iye ndi wa oyamba ndi maganizo a Mulungu-munthu poyerekezera ndi Yesu Khristu. Mwa nzeru za anthu amene asiya chizindikiro kwambiri mu sayansi izi, ndithudi, osati kutchula patristic Boethius Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severin. Iye anasiya ntchito chidwi "chitonthozo cha Philosophy". Medieval nzeru anali mwachidule mwachidule ndi wosalira iwo akuphunzitsa sukulu. Universal - ndi brainchild wa Boethius. Ndi kanthu ake asanu mbali yaikulu ya nzeru anali ogaŵikana mitundu iwiri ya khalidwe. Choyamba - ichi ndi zaumunthu. Mu trohpute m'gulu apamwamba, galamala ndi dialectics. The chachiwiri - ndi sayansi. Mu chetyrohpute zimenezi zimaphatikizapo Masamu, masamu, nyimbo ndi zakuthambo. Iye anamasulira anafotokoza ntchito zikuluzikulu za Aristotle, Euclid ndi Nicomachus. Scholastica m'chiphunzitso cha nthanthi nthawi zonse kugwirizana ndi dzina la Republic Order mmonke Fomy Akvinskogo, amene systematized ndi postulates wa Orthodox, iye anatsogolera asanu zisonyezo losagonjetseka Mulungu aliko. Iye amaphatikizidwa ndi nawatsimikizira zogwirizana kuwerengetsera nthanthi Aristotle ndi ziphunzitso zachikhristu, anasonyeza kuti zachilengedwe anthu wokhalapo, chifukwa ndi mfundo mu chitukuko cha njira yonse kupita apamwamba mlingo wa chikumbu, ndicho kukhulupirira kukhalapo ndi yogwira nawo ponseponse, wamphamvuzonse ndi chosaoneka ndi maso utatu Mulungu. Iye anatsegula ndi anasonyeza ndondomeko ndi nthawi zonse pamene malingaliro amaliza mwa chikhulupiriro, chikhalidwe - chisomo ndi nzeru - vumbulutso.

Anzeruwo - oyera a Mpingo wa Katolika

Ambiri nzeru ena akale akhala pachikhalidwe ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika monga woyera mtima. Iwo Irenaeus, Augustine, Clement wa Alexandria, John Chrysostom, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, John wa Damasiko, Maximus ndi Confessor, Gregory wa ku Nyssa Basil, Dionisiyo Boethius, canonized monga Saint Severin, ndi ena.