Mitundu ya mapindikidwe

Mapindikidwe - kukondera ichi kapena kulakwila ubwenzi ma atomu. Zikuoneka ngati kuti mphamvu mbali amadza: kutentha, kuthamanga, katundu yeniyeni, maginito kapena magetsi. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya mapindikidwe - kusintha ndipo sizingasinthe. Kusintha mapindikidwe mu sayansi otchedwa zotanuka mapindikidwe, zikutanthauza kuti ubwenzi maatomu kuphwanya pang'ono ndi kukhulupirika kwa kapangidwe ndi maganizo. Kukhala ndi chuma amatchedwa zinthu zotanuka. Sizingasinthe mapindikidwe mu sayansi amatchedwa mapindikidwe pulasitiki ndipo limaphwanya kwambiri kumangidwa mu ma atomu, ndi monga Motero, kukhulupirika kwa kukonza. Zinthu ndi chuma ichi chotchedwa plasticity.

Violation kogwirizana atomiki - si nthawi zonse chinthu choipa. Mwachitsanzo, damping (othetsa oscillations) zinthu ayenera plasticity. M'pofunika kutembenuza zimakhudza mphamvu mu mapindikidwe mphamvu. Zotsatirazi mitundu ya mapindikidwe a zolimba: kupinda, nkhawa / psinjika, torsion ndi kukameta ubweya. Malinga a nkhondo kuchita thupi lolimba, kumeneko kungakhale koyenera voteji. nkhawa zimenezi zimatchedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, torsion nkhawa, compressive nkhawa, kupinda nkhawa, etc. Ponena za kukhota, nthawi zambiri zotsatira zikutanthauza mapindikidwe a zolimba, monga kapangidwe kusintha kutchulidwa kwambiri.

Ndipotu, mitundu yonse ya mapindikidwe - chifukwa cha chikoka cha voteji opangidwa ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito. Mu mawonekedwe woyera mapindikidwe osowa. Monga ulamuliro, chiwerengero kupsyinjika - chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana mavuto. Chifukwa, iwo onse kuyambitsa mitundu ziwiri zazikulu - kutambasula / chidule ndi kupinda.

Thupi mapindikidwe - zotsatira za amene afotokozedwa mu mawu Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe. Quantitatively zodabwitsazi chimaonetsera mtengo lapadera. Qualitatively - amasonyeza khalidwe (malangizo a mfundo yovuta, monga wovulala, kuchepetsa voteji ...). mapindikidwe zotheka kale masamu mu kuwerengetsera mphamvu pamene angagwiritse chipangizo kapena limagwirira.

Childs, zotsatira katundu-mapindikidwe kuwonetsedwa mawonekedwe Zithunzi - maganizo zithunzi. Kapangidwe ka Zithunzi izi: masamu chiwembu ntchito katundu, mitundu ndi mitundu ya nkhawa mapindikidwe. Katundu yogawa amapereka kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha potsegula wa chipangizo kapena mchitidwe mapindikidwe. kupsyinjika Results - nkhawa, psinjika, kupinda, kupotoza - amayezedwa mayunitsi wa mtunda muyeso (mm, cm, m) kapena okhota muyeso (madigiri, radians). Kuweta mawerengedwe ntchito - kudziwa malire mavuto ndi nkhawa kupewa cholakwa cha ntchito - discontinuity kukameta ubweya wovulala ndi zina zotero. Mofanana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha maganizo ndi phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva ngati Pali mfundo kutopa mapindikidwe.

Kutopa mapindikidwe - ndondomeko ya kusintha mawonekedwe chifukwa katundu ambiri. Kenako ali ndi nkhawa si yovuta (zonse zazing'ono kuphwanya nsinga interatomic) kukhala mu mavuto aakulu. Mfundo imeneyi imatchedwa kutopa anasonkhanitsa ndi malamulo ngati chizindikiro (cha ku thupi katundu wa chuma) monga mphamvu kutopa.

Pofuna chifukwa cha mmene kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavuto pa magwiridwe ndi chuma, kuchititsa mayesero munda wa zitsanzo zakuthupi. Pa zimene zinachitikira kupeza mphamvu makhalidwe onse lililonse zakuthupi, kenako kukhala mfundo tabulated. Masiku makompyuta, kusanthula zimenezi ikuchitika pa PC mkulu-yotsiriza. Koma katundu chomwecho zakuthupi tingaphunzire yekha mayesero wakumunda. Kale kuyala makhalidwe onse ndi katundu mu mawerengedwe chitsanzo, prochnist amalandira chitsanzo mawonekedwe (nthawizina mu mphamvu ya ntchito) kwa maganizo onse ndi kupsyinjika.

Okonza, mawerengedwe izi ayalidwa kale mu pulogalamu 3D kapangidwe ka. Ie mlengi amachita 3D-chitsanzo cha zinthu zonse, omwe yafupika chitsanzo msonkhano. Mwa kugwiritsa katundu mu gawo osiyana pulogalamu, mlengi itagwa chithunzi volumetric wa chikhalidwe cha nkhawa ndi mavuto a mitundu yonse.