Mitundu ya ngalawa mayina ndi zithunzi

Panopa chombo amatchedwa chotengera asilikali. Mathanki, chochuluka onyamula, chochuluka onyamula, zombo galimotolo zombo chidebe, breakers ayezi ndi nthumwi zina paki luso fleets boma kapena malonda mu gulu ili palibepo. Koma, mu masiku oyambirira a navigation pamene anthu ali kudzaza mu malo woyera Panyanja malangizo yosokoneza maphunziro a zilumba latsopano ndi ngakhale maiko, aliyense Sitima ankaona. Pa bolodi aliyense wa iwo anali ndi mfuti, ndi gulu munali anyamata wosimidwa wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse phindu ndi chikondi cha ulendo akutali. Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'nthawi zino, padali kugawanikana ku mitundu ya sitima. List malinga ndi kuwonjezapo ano akanachititsa yaitali kwambiri, kotero muyenera kuika mtima pa boti. Chabwino, mwinamwake inu mukhoza kuwonjezera zina maboti kupalasa.

wopalasa ngalawayo

Kuti tifike iwo - nawo unenviable. Chilangochi kalelo kuyembekezera zigawenga zachizoloŵezi. Ndipo mu Igupto wakale, ndi Fink, ndi Greece anali. M'kupita kwa nthawi, panali ngalawa zina, koma galleys ntchito mpaka Ages Middle. Waukulu galimoto mphamvu anali akaidi kwambiri, koma kuwathandiza nthawi zina matanga, molunjika kapena triangular anaika masts awiri kapena atatu. Mwa mfundo lero, zombo zimenezi sizinali zazikulu, kusamutsidwa awo anali tonnes 30-70 kokha ndi kutalika ndi kawirikawiri kuposa mamita 30, koma masiku amenewo kukula kwa zombo ambiri sanali yaikulu. The opalasa anakhala mizere, monga akatswiri a mbiri yakale, osapitirira atatu yopingasa tiers. Armament zomera zimaonetsa ballistae ndi nkhosa zamphongo uta, patapita zaka zambiri, awa katundu asilikali wodzilemekeza ndiponso ndi zida zankhondo. Sitiroko, ndiko kuti, liwiro kuyenda, olamulidwa ndi owayang'anila, kupempha mungoli maseche wapadera, ndipo ngati n'koyenera, ndi chikwapu.

Barki

Mitundu ziwiya boti, m'nthawi zathu zidziwike kwa ochepa, koma ena a iwo ali bwino nthawi zonse kudutsa parades ndi regattas lonse. Bwato "Sedov" ndi "Kruzenshtern" kusungidwa mu Russia. Ngalawa zimenezi sikuti kusonyeza dziko kukongola kwake, komanso amathandiza kuti maphunziro a panyanjawa ankadziwa wamng'ono, akudutsa pa zawo mu mwambo wa Russian apanyanja.

Choncho, makungwa (mitundu dzina amachokera Flemish mawu «makungwa») ndi chombo angapo nsanja zitatu asanu. matanga ake onse molunjika, kupatula kwa oblique chithunzithunzi mizzen (aft mlongoti). Maboti - zombo lalikulu ndithu, monga "Kruzenshtern" ali ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 115 meters, m'lifupi mamita 14, gulu la anthu 70. Popeza inamangidwa mu 1926, pamene injini nthunzi anali kale ambiri dongosolo lake la panopo ndi wothandiza mphamvu wagawo mphamvu pafupifupi mazana khumi ndi asanu kilowatts, yodzaza ndi awiri injini atathana phula. liwiro ngalawa, ndipo tsopano sizikuwoneka yaing'ono, inkayenda njira ya Bwato ukufika 17 mfundo. Pangano mtundu, ambiri, ndi mwambo kuti wamalonda m'madzi a XIX m'ma - Kutumiza wosanganiza katundu, makalata ndi okwera ndi mizere nyanja.

Brigantine zikutipatsa matanga

Ndipotu Bwato chomwecho, ndi masts awiri, wotchedwa Brigantine. Mitundu yonse ya sitima amasiyana cholinga chawo ndi navigability. Brigantines allocated liwiro yeniyeni ndi omasuka. Tinayenda ngalawa osokonezeka pa foresail (foremast) kupalasa molunjika ndi oblique kuti grotto lapansi. chombo ankakonda achifwamba a nyanja. magwero mbiri kutchula brigantine otchedwa "Bermuda Grotto", mwachitsanzo matanga triangular, anatambasula pakati liktrosom ndi luff, koma mamembala kupulumuka mitundu mwina sadzitamanda kwa iwo. Komabe, zina zabwino izi ndi chidwi yekha kwa akatswiri.

frigates

Monga zombo za mitundu ina ya Zombo Zankhondo anaonekera, ena osaonekanso, pamene ena tanthauzo lina. Chitsanzo ndi frigate. Mfundo imeneyi lidakalipobe mitundu ina monga Nkhondo, dreadnoughts , ndipo ngakhale Nkhondo. N'zoona ano frigate ziri limafanana ndi lingaliro la Soviet lalikulu antisubmarine chombo, koma izo zikumveka wamfupi mwina wokongola. M'lingaliro pachiyambi, ndi atatu masted chotengera ndi sitima mfuti zida zankhondo 20-30. Mwa njira, "Frigate" kuchokera XVII m'ma kwa nthawi yaitali adaonjezeredwa ndi adjective "Dunkirk" amatanthauza ntchito ŵakwenera m'dera osiyana a zisudzo panyanja ya nkhondo, umene uli pafupi ndi Pas-de-Calais. kalembedwe Izi zimaonetsa liwiro yeniyeni. Kenako, utali wozungulira kuwonjezeka kudziyimira pawokha, iwo anawaitana chabe frigate. Kusamutsidwa - pafupifupi nthawi imeneyo, pafupifupi . 800-1000 mamita wotchuka kwambiri Russian frigate amatchedwa "Sitimayo inagunda", pa izo mu 1855, anapangidwa ulendo ulemerero kugombe la Asia East molamulidwa ndi asilikali E. V. Putyatina.

caravel

"Iye anayenda ngati caravel ndi ..." - anaimba nyimbo yotchuka Pop. Kuli kufufuza yonse ya ngalawa, pamaso imene malemba kwa kumenya m'tsogolo. kuthekera A pang'ono osokoneza. Siyense mtsikana akufuna zikufanana ndi mphamvu yonyamula, lalikulu ndi mwachilungamo lolemera bwato. Komanso, caravel mphuno mkulu akukuvutitsani, kodi kukhala osafunika uglyadet lingaliro.

Komabe, makamaka mtundu uwu kumene, wabwino kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi katundu. Iye amadziwika kwambiri mfundo zonse zimene Columbus anapanga ulendo wake ku kugombe la Dziko Latsopano anali mu caravels atatu ( "Santa Maria", "Pinta" ndi "Nina"). Kunja, akhoza kusiyana pa anati okwera akasinja (m'mphuno kuwonjezera-ins), komanso chilikupita chithunzithunzi. Masts jib atatu molunjika, ndipo ena - kuchokera ku Latin (oblique) matanga.

Cholinga - nyanja yaitali ndi maulendo transoceanic.

Ku mawu oti "caravel" morphologically amapezeka Russian mawu akuti "ngalawa". Kunapatsa dzina ndi wotchuka French mwakwera ndege, ndi wokongola kwambiri.

clippers

Pakuti mwamphamvu kusambira ndi mitundu yonse ya sitima. Mayina a makhoti si nthawi zonse anakumbukira, koma pali kuchotserapo. Uzani munthu mawu "cruiser", ndipo zonse ndikuganiza chinachake - zina "Aurora", zina "Varyag". About clippers njira imodzi yokha - "Cutty Sark". sitimayo ili ndi yaitali ndi yopapatiza thupi anapita mu mbiri zifukwa zingapo, koma chachikulu ndi chofunika kwambiri khalidwe la liwiro lake. Kupulumutsa tiyi China, mwamsanga kubweretsa makalata ku madera akutali ndi kuchita malamulo wolobodoka wa Mfumukazi zapatsidwa kwa clippers ndi magulu awo. Ndipo ntchito zawo zotengera mpaka kuoneka steamships, ndi zina ina.

galleons

Kudutsa mitundu wakale wa Zombo Zankhondo, sangathe kuyiwala za Great sitima, ndi odana la zombo British m'zaka XVI. Unit chachikulu cha mphamvu yoopsa anali Spanish galleon. Zikugwirizana ungwiro sakanakhoza kukhala naye, palibe chotengera chilikupita ku nthawi. Pakati pake penipeni ndi caravel zapamwamba, ndi kuchepetsedwa superstructure a thanki (yemweyo "kagwere mmwamba mphuno zanu" pafupifupi mbisoweka), ndi thupi elongated. Chifukwa, zaka Spanish shipbuilders akweza kukana, kuchepetsa kukana kuti mafunde, ndiponso, chifukwa, kuwonjezera liwiro. Maneuverability ndi kuchita bwino. zina za m'ma Zombo Zankhondo XVI galleon anayang'ana pafupi yochepa ndipo kwambiri (anali sangathe mwa cholinga kuti mosavuta kugunda). Chikufotokoza Utah (aft superstructure) anagula amakona anayi mawonekedwe, ndi adalira anakhala zinthu bwino kwambiri. Ndi galleons choyamba anaonekera zimbudzi (zimbudzi), choncho chiyambi cha mawu.

Kusamutsidwa a "Nkhondo ya atumwi XVI" ranged kuchokera 500 mpaka 2 zikwi. Tonnes. Iwo potsiriza anali zabwino kwambiri, iwo anali chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli zosamvetsetseka, ndi mphuno anavekedwa ndi chosema zazikulu.

schooners

Pali mitundu ya sitima zazikulu, yemwe anakhala "workhorses" Cholinga kunyamula zosiyanasiyana cargoes. Pakati pawo malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi bwalo ndi. Iwo mnogomachtovye bwalo, yodziwika kuti osachepera awiri zitsime zawo oblique. Iwo marselnymi, stakselnymi, Bermuda kapena gaff kutengera ndendende mlongoti okonzeka ndi slanting matanga. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti mzere pakati pa ziwiri masted bwalo marselnoy bramselnoy kapena brigantine ndi makonzedwe kwambiri. mtundu Ichi chikudziwika m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Ambiri kufala iye anakwaniritsa mu malonda US Navy, makamaka Wolf Larsen, khalidwe la Jack London, ndi gulu lake zokhudza kwa mikango nyanja ndi pa bolodi. Poyerekeza, zina magalimoto ndi kuvutitsa (Malinga George. London ndondomeko izi ngakhale kopanda yapamadzi alipo). Nthawi zambiri, bwalo anali thuu ndi atatu masted, koma pali milandu pamene chithunzithunzi zinali zambiri zosiyanasiyana. mbiri choyambirira anakhazikitsidwa mu 1902, pamene chombo adatchithisira m'madzi ndi masts zisanu ndi ziwiri ( "awiri Thomas Lawson," Quincy doko la zombo zapanyanja).

mitundu ina zombo

Photos of sailboats, anafika pa gululi mayiko padziko lonse, lofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala, magazini ndi pa intaneti. Chotero kumenya - nthawizonse chochitika, kukongola kwa zipangizo izi si ofanana ndi china chirichonse. Barki, brigantine, corvettes, frigates, clippers, kechi, ma yatchi ndi mitundu yonse ya ngalawa, anapulumuka, mwamwayi, mpaka pano. kudzaona zochitikazo amalephera ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo akutenga wowerenga mu atumwi wotsiriza, wodzala ndi ulendo m'mabuku a maulendo lakutali. woyendetsa pa nyanja uyu ayenera luso chilikupita navigation, kotero ndikuganiza m'mayiko ambiri ndipo tili bwino. Kukwera kwa ngalawa mmwamba, deploying matanga ndi anapumira ufulu mphepo za m'nyanja, n'zotheka kuti atenge malo awo anira ano akumidzi katundu youma, mathanki ndi sitima liners balkerovozov. Chotero yoyendetsa sitima mukhoza bwinobwino kukhulupirira tsogolo la katundu ndi miyoyo ya anthu okwera, iye sadzalephera.