Miyambi ya Chilatini: zitsanzo. Mawu Achilatini otchuka

Pali nthawi yokambirana pamene mawu wamba sali okwanira, kapena amawoneka kuti ndi ofunika ku tanthauzo lozama lomwe mukufuna kufotokozera, ndiyeno nkuthandizira mawu a mapiko - Achilatini ndi omwe ali amphamvu kwambiri pa lingaliro la maganizo ndi laconism.

Chilatini ndi chamoyo!

Mawu ambiri ndi zilankhulidwe zosiyanasiyana m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana zimalandiridwa ku Latin. Zakhazikika kwambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, aliyense amadziwa madzi (madzi), alibi (umboni wosayera), ndondomeko (index), veto (prohibition), persona non grata (munthu yemwe sakufuna kumuwona kapena kuyembekezera), kusintha khalidwe langa lachiwiri, alma mater (Amayi-namwino), caprice (gwirani mphindi), komanso malemba onse omwe amadziwika kuti post-scriptum (PS) akugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana malemba, ndi priori (kudalira pa chidziwitso ndi chikhulupiriro).

Malingana ndi kawirikawiri yogwiritsira ntchito mawu awa, ndikumayambiriro kwambiri kuti anene kuti Chilatini chakhala chikufa kale. Adzakhala ndi miyambo ya Chilatini, mau ndi maulendo ambiri kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mawu otchuka kwambiri

Mndandanda wa mawu achilatini otchulidwa kwambiri, omwe amadziwika ndi okonda ntchito zambiri m'mbiri ndi mafilosofi pa kapu ya tiyi. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhala achibadwidwe mobwerezabwereza:

Dulani spiro, spero. "Malingana ngati ndikupuma, ndikuyembekeza." Mawu awa amapezeka koyamba "Makalata" a Cicero komanso a Seneca.

De Mortus Kuchokera, Kutuluka Nihil. "Akufa ndi abwino, kapena palibe." Zimakhulupirira kuti mawuwa anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Chilo m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC.

Anthu otchuka, Vox Dia. - Liwu la anthu ndi diso la Mulungu. Mawuwo anapezeka mu ndakatulo ya Hesiode, koma pa chifukwa china amatchulidwa ndi wolemba mbiri William of Malmesbury, chomwe chiri cholakwika kwambiri. M'dziko lamakono, kutchuka kwa mawu awa kunabweretsedwa ku filimuyo "V - Vendetta".

Memento Mori. "Kumbukirani imfa." Mawuwa adagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati moni kuchokera kwa amonke osweka.

A note of ben! - Kuitana kuti muzimvetsera. Kaŵirikaŵiri amalembedwa pamphepete mwa malemba a akatswiri afilosofi ambiri.

O Tempora, O mores! - Pafupi nthawi, o mores. Kuchokera ku "Kulankhula motsutsana ndi Catilina" Cicero.

Postfactum. - Kawirikawiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyitanitsa chinthu chotsatira pambuyo pake.

Potsutsa izi. - Pakuti ndi kutsutsana.

Inno veritas (mu bono veritas). - Choonadi mwabwino.

Volence, Nolens. - Willy-nilly. Mungathe kumasulira monga "mukufuna, simukufuna"

Choonadi mu Vinyo

Chimodzi mwa mawu otchuka kwambiri a Chilatini ndi "mu vino veritas", momwe choonadi chimayendera, mu vino - vinyo wokha. Mawu okondedwa awa a anthu, omwe nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pa galasi, mwachinyengo chotero, amasonyeza kuti akulakalaka mowa. Wolemba mabuku amatchulidwa ndi wolemba wachiroma Pliny Wamkulu, yemwe adamwalira panthawi ya phiri la Vesuvius. Pa nthawi yomweyi, malemba ake enieni amawoneka mosiyana: "Choonadi cha vinyo chatha kamodzi," ndipo tanthauzo lake ndi lakuti munthu woledzera nthawi zonse amakhala wowonjezereka kuposa kukhala wochenjera. Wophunzira wamkuluyo nthawi zambiri ankatchulidwa mu ntchito zake ndi ndakatulo Block (mu ndakatulo "The Stranger"), wolemba Dostoevsky mu buku la "The Adolescent" ndi ena olemba. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amanena kuti kulembedwa kwa mwambi wa Chilatini ndi wosiyana kwambiri, wolemba ndakatulo wachi Greek Alkey. Komanso palinso mwambi wina wofanana wa Chirasha: "Ndichotsekereza m'maganizo, ndiye kumwa mowa kwambiri."

Mavesi ochokera m'Baibulo atembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin kupita ku Chirasha

Mau ambiri omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano akusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera m'buku lalikulu kwambiri la dziko lapansi ndipo ali mbewu za nzeru zazikuru, zopitilira zaka za zana kufikira zaka.

Amene samagwira ntchito - samadya (kuchokera kalata yachiwiri ya Mtumwi Paulo). Wokondedwa wa Russia: yemwe sagwira ntchito, iye samadya. Tanthauzo ndi zomveka zili zofanana.

Lolani chikho ichi chindipatse ine ndi izi. - Izi zachokera mu Uthenga Wabwino wa Mateyu. Ndipo kuchokera ku gwero lomwelo - wophunzira sakuima pamwamba pa mphunzitsi wake. Kumbukirani kuti ndinu fumbi. - Kuchokera mu bukhu la Genesis, mawu awa akukumbutsa aliyense yemwe wadzitukumula mu ukulu wake kuti anthu onse apangidwa kuchokera ku "yesero" limodzi.

Paphompho limaponyedwa kuphompho (Psalter.) Mawu a Chirasha ali ndi chifaniziro: vuto silingabwere lokha.

Chitani zomwe mukufuna kuchita (Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane). "Awa ndi mawu amene Yesu anauza Yudasi asanamupereke."

Mphindi tsiku lililonse

Miyambi ya Chilatini yomwe imasindikizidwa mu Chirasha (kuti muwerenge mosavuta ndi kukumbukira) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakambirano wamba, kukongoletsa malankhulidwe anu ndi aphorisms anzeru, kuwapereka kukhala acuity wapadera ndi yapadera. Ambiri a iwo amadziwikanso kwa ambiri:

Miyezi ndi dozi. - Tsiku lililonse lapitalo limaphunzitsa latsopano. Anaperekedwa ndi wolemba wa Publius Sir, yemwe anakhalako zaka za zana loyamba BC.

Ecco Homo! "Pali Mwamuna!" Mawuwa akutengedwa kuchokera mu Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane, mawu a Pontiyo Pilato okhudza Yesu Khristu.

Elephantham wakale wa musisi. "Iwe umapanga njovu kuchokera ku ntchentche."

Errare Humanum Est. - Ndizopadera kuti munthu apange zolakwika (izi ndizo mawu a Cicero).

Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga - Kukhala, osati kuoneka.

Anime. - Kuchokera mumtima, kuchokera mumtima.

Chisangalalo cha ntchitoyi ndizovomerezeka. - Zotsatira zimatsimikizira njira (kuchita, kuchita, kuchita).

Fufuzani wina kuti apindule kuchokera

Kui Bono ndi Kui Prodest (quid prodest). - Mawu a katswiri wachiroma, yemwe nthawi zambiri amamutchula ndi Cicero, yemwe amatchulidwa kulikonse ndi omasulira m'mafilimu amakono: "Ndani amapindula, kapena ayang'ana munthu yemwe amapindula."

Akatswiri ofotokoza mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mawuwa ndi a lawyer Cassian Raville, yemwe m'zaka za zana loyamba m'zaka za zana lathu anafufuza za mlanduwu ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito mawu oterowo kwa oweruza.

Mawu a Cicero

Mark Tullius Cicero ndi wokamba nkhani wachiroma wakale komanso wolemba ndale yemwe amachititsa kuti awonetsere chiwembu cha Catilino. Anaphedwa, koma mawu ambiri a woganiza kwa nthawi yaitali akupitiliza kukhala pakati pathu, monga miyambi ya Chilatini, ndipo kwenikweni anthu ochepa chabe amadziwa kuti ndizolemba kwake. Mwachitsanzo, aliyense akudziwa:

Ab igne İnnem. - Kuchokera pamoto moto (Russian: kuchokera kumoto ndi kumoto).

Bwenzi lokhulupirika limadziwika mu bizinesi lolakwika (mchiyanjano pa ubwenzi)

Kukhala ndi kuganiza (vivere amadya kogitare).

Mulole amwe amwe kapena achoke (kunja kwa bibate, kunja kwa abate) - mawuwo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zikondwerero zachiroma. M'dziko lamakono muli analog: mu nyumba za munthu wina ndi charter wawo samapita.

Chizolowezicho ndi chikhalidwe chachiwiri (chithunzi "Za zabwino kwambiri"). Mawu awa adatengedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wolemba ndakatulo:

Chizolowezichi chimaperekedwa kwa ife kuchokera kumwamba ...

Kalatayi sichimasokoneza (epistula osati erubescit). Kuchokera kwa kalata ya Cicero yopita kwa wolemba mbiri wachiroma, momwe adasonyezera kukhutira ndi kuti pamapepala akhoza kufotokoza zambiri kuposa mawu.

Aliyense amatha kulakwitsa, koma wopusa - kupitiriza. Kuchokera ku ntchito "Filipiki"

Ponena za chikondi

Mu ndimeyi, miyambi ya Chilatini (ndi kumasulira) zakumverera kwakukulu - chikondi chimaperekedwa. Posinkhasinkha tanthauzo lake lakuya, munthu akhoza kufufuza ulusi umene umagwirizanitsa nthawi zonse: Trahit sua quemque voluptas.

Chikondi sichichiritsidwa ndi zitsamba. Mawu a Ovid, amene kenako anafotokoza Alexander Pushkin kuti:

Matenda a chikondi ndi osachiritsika.

Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga Femina nihil pestilentius. "Palibe choipa china choposa mkazi. Mawu a a Homer wamkulu.

Amor amnibus akupita. - Gawo la Virgil, "chikondi ndi chimodzi mwa onse". Palinso kusiyana: kukonda mibadwo yonse ikugonjera.

Chikondi chakale chiyenera kumenyedwa ndi chikondi, monga ndi mtengo. Mawu a Cicero.

Zizindikiro za mawu achilatini ndi Chirasha

Miyambi yambiri ya Chilatini ili ndi miyambi yofananamo mu chikhalidwe chathu.

Mphungu siigwira ntchentche. - Mbalame iliyonse ili ndi phindu lake. Zimatanthawuza kuti munthu ayenera kutsatira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo a moyo, popanda kumira pansi pa msinkhu wawo.

Zakudya zowonjezera zimalepheretsa kuti maganizo aziwoneka bwino. - Mawu a filosofi Seneca, omwe ali ndi mwambi wotsutsana pakati pa anthu a ku Russia: mimba yonse kwa sayansi ndi wogontha. Mwina ndi chifukwa chake ambiri oganiza bwino amakhala mumphawi ndi njala.

Palibe woonda wopanda zabwino. Momwemonso ndi mawu mu dziko lathu. Kapena mwinamwake mnyamata wina wa ku Russia wakongola izo kuchokera ku Latin, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zakhala zikuchitika?

Ndi mtundu wanji wa mfumu ndi gululo. Analog - chomwe ndi wansembe, komanso parish. Ndipo zambiri zofanana: palibe malo akujambula munthu, koma malo a munthu.

Chimene chimaloledwa ku Jupiter sichiloledwa kwa ng'ombe. Pafupi mofanana: Kaisara - Kaisara.

Ndani wachita theka la nkhondo - wayamba kale (kutchulidwa kwa Horace: "Dimidium fact, qui tzopit, amakhala"). Plato ali ndi tanthawuzo lomwelo: "Chiyambi ndilo theka la nkhaniyi," komanso mwambi wakale wa Chirasha kuti: "Chiyambi chabwino cha hafu yapakatikati chinaponyedwa kunja."

Patriet fumus igne alieno luculenzior. - Utsi wa dziko la abambo uli wowala kuposa moto wa dziko lachilendo (Russian .- Utsi wa dziko la bambo ndi wokoma ndi wokondweretsa kwa ife).

Motto ndi mottoes

Miyambi ya Chilatini idagwiritsidwanso ntchito monga chilankhulo cha anthu otchuka, midzi komanso mabungwe. Mwachitsanzo, "ulemerero wamuyaya wa Mulungu" ndi mawu a Ajetiiti. Nthano ya Knights Templar ndi "non-nobis, Domino, sed nomini tuo da gloriam", yomwe imamasulira kuti: "Osati kwa ife, Ambuye, koma dzina lanu lilemekezeni." Ndiponso "Capre diem" yotchuka (gwirani kamphindi) ndi mawu a Epicureans, otengedwa ku Horace's opus.

"Kapena Kaisara, kapena ayi," ndilo lingaliro la Kadinali Borgia, yemwe anatenga mawu a Caligula, mfumu ya Roma, wotchuka chifukwa cha zilakolako zake ndi zilakolako zake.

"Mofulumira, apamwamba, amphamvu!" - Kuyambira mu 1913 ndi chizindikiro cha Masewera a Olimpiki.

"De omnibus tibeto" (mosakayikira), - chilankhulo cha René Descartes, wasayansi wafilosofi.

Fluctuat nec mergitur (ikuyandama, koma siimire) - pa chida cha Paris pali kulembedwa pansi pa ngalawa.

Vita ndi libertate ya buluu, nihil (moyo wopanda ufulu sizomwe) - ndi mawu awa Romen Rolan, wolemba mbiri wotchuka wa ku France, anali kukhala.

Vivere amadya milita (kukhala moyo, amatanthawuza kumenyana) - chilankhulo cha Lucius Seneca Wachinyamata Wang'ono, wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma ndi wafilosofi.

Zomwe zimakhala zothandiza kukhala polyglot

Intaneti imakhudzidwa ndi nkhani yokhudza wophunzira wodalirika wa chipani chachipatala amene anawona momwe msungwana wa gypsy amakopera ndi msinkhu wosadziwika ndi zopempha "kujambula cholembera ndi kulengeza chuma." Mtsikanayo anali wamtendere komanso wamanyazi ndipo sakanatha kukana kupempha. Mnyamatayo, akumvera chisoni ndi mtsikanayo, adabwera ndikuyamba kufuula mayina a matendawa m'Chilatini, akuwombera manja. Otsatirawo anabwerera mwamsanga. Patapita kanthawi mnyamatayo ndi mtsikanayo anali okondwa kwambiri, akumbukira nthawi yodziwika bwino yomudziwa.

Chiyambi cha chinenerocho

Dzina lachilatini linatchulidwa ku masaya omwe ankakhala ku Latium, dera laling'ono pakatikati pa Italy. Pakatikati mwa Latsium kunali Roma, yomwe idakula kuchokera mumzinda kupita ku likulu la Ufumu Waukulu, ndipo Chilatini chinadziwika ngati chinenero cha boma pamadera ambiri kuchokera ku nyanja ya Atlantic kupita ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, komanso mbali zina za Asia, North Africa ndi mtsinje wa Euphrates.

M'zaka za zana lachiwiri BC, Roma adagonjetsa dziko la Greece, adasokoneza zilankhulo zakale za Chigriki ndi Chilatini, zomwe zimapanga zilankhulo zambiri za Chiroma (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian) pakati pawo zomwe chiyankhulo cha Sardinian chimawerengedwa kuti chiri pafupi kwambiri polimbitsa ku Latin).

M'dziko lamakono, popanda mankhwala, mankhwala ndi osatheka, chifukwa pafupifupi zonse zomwe zimapezeka ndi mankhwala zimamveka m'chinenero ichi, ndipo mafilosofi a akatswiri akale a Chilatini akadali chitsanzo cha mtundu wa epistolary ndi chikhalidwe chamtengo wapatali kwambiri.