M'magazi kuti mitsempha kuti mitsempha afika? Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa magazi. Magazi ndi makope

Ntchito yachibadwa ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe a thupi kuli kofunika okwanira nthawi zonse chakudya ndi mpweya, komanso kuchotsa yake ya zinyalala ndi zinyalala. Kukhazikitsa njira ofunika zipangitsa mosalekeza magazi. M'nkhaniyi tiona dongosolo anthu magazi komanso afotokoze mmene magazi mtsempha wamagazi umalowa mitsempha, monga amazungulira kudzera ziwiya magazi ndi mmene limba chachikulu cha m'thupi - mtima.

Kuphunzira magazi yakale m'zaka za m'ma XVII

Makope munthu chidwi akatswiri ambiri kwa zaka zambiri. Masikolala wakale Hippocrates ndi Aristotle ankaganiza kuti onse matupi mwanjira zogwirizana. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anthu magazi imakhala machitidwe awiri osiyana amene osalumikidwa ndi mzake. Kumene, malingaliro awo anali kulakwitsa. Iwo ankakanizidwa ndi dokotala Aroma Claudius Galen, omwe anali experimentally kuti mtima amasuntha magazi kudzera mitsempha si, komanso mwa mitsempha ya. Mpaka m'ma XVII, asayansi anali ndi maganizo kuti magazi amapatsirana ndi ufulu atrium kumanzere kudzera septum lapansi. Only mu 1628 anali yojambula: English anatomist Uilyam Garvey m'buku lake "Kafukufuku anatomical nyama zoyenda wa mtima ndi magazi," iye anapereka chiphunzitso chake chatsopano cha magazi aziyenda. Iye experimentally anasonyeza kuti akamayendetsa mitsempha ya ventricles mtima, ndiye umabwerera kupyolera mitsempha atria ndipo sangathe kalekale kupangidwa mu chiwindi. Uilyam Garvey anali munthu woyamba kuchuluka mawu a linanena bungwe mtima. chiwembu makono a anthu magazi anakhazikitsa maziko a ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo zipolopolo ziwiri.

liwunikidwenso a m'thupi

Kwa nthawi yaitali sanayankhidwe funso lofunika kwambiri: "Kodi magazi mitsempha akulowa mtsempha." Koma kumapeto kwa XVII m'ma Marcello Malpighi anapeza mayunitsi wapadera Mitsempha - capillaries amene kulumikiza mitsempha ndi mitsempha.

M'tsogolo, asayansi ambiri (Stiven Heylz, Daniel Bernoulli, Euler, Poiseuille, etc.) akugwira ntchito pa vuto la magazi, kuphatikizapo anayeza venous, kuthamanga wolumikizira magazi, buku zipinda za mtima, elasticity wa mitsempha ndi magawo ena. Mu 1843, wasayansi Jan Purkinje akufuna amanena kuti asayansi kuti kuchepa systolic buku la mtima ali ndi suction zotsatira pa akadaulo a m'mapapo kumanzere. Mu 1904, I. P. Pavlov anaperekapo zofunika kwa sayansi ndi kutsimikizira kuti pali mapampu anayi mu mtima, osati awiri monga mmene ankaganizira poyamba. Kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri kusonyeza chifukwa kuthamanga mu dongosolo mtima, pamwamba kuthamanga mumlengalenga.

Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa magazi: mitsempha, capillaries ndi mitsempha

Chifukwa cha zofufuza zonse asayansi tikudziwa kuti magazi nthawi zonse chokwawa padziko dzenje machubu wapadera, amene awiri osiyana. Iwo alibe kusiya muyende mu zina, potero kupanga limodzi chatsekedwa mitsempha ya magazi. Onse atatu kudziwika mitundu Mitsempha: mitsempha, mitsempha, capillaries. Onsewo ali osiyana mu dongosolo. Mitsempha ndi zipangizo kupereka magazi ndi ziwalo za mtima. Mkati Ng'ona ndi wosanjikiza umodzi wa epithelium ndi minofu connective ali kunja chipolopolo. Wosanjikiza pakati imakhala ya wolumikizira khoma minofu yosalala. Chotengera yaikulu ndi msempha. Ziwalo ndipo zimakhala za mitsempha ya anawagawa ziwiya zing'onozing'ono magazi otchedwa arterioles. Nawonso, nthambi mu capillaries, amene wapangidwa wosanjikiza umodzi wa minofu zaminyewa ndipo ili mu malo pakati pa maselo. Capillaries ndi pores chapadera mwa madzi, mpweya, shuga ndi zinthu zina amadutsa mu madzimadzi minofu. M'magazi kuti mitsempha kuti mitsempha afika? Ku matupi iye akapanda mpweya ndi olemera ndi carbon dioxide, ndipo chimatsogoleredwa mwa capillaries mu venules. Komanso, limabwerera ku atrium lamanja la m'munsi, chapamwamba mitsempha dzenje ndi inatsekeratu. Mitsempha zili surfactants ndi kukhala wapadera mavavu semilunar, mutsogolo kayendedwe ka magazi.

kufalitsidwa

Ziwiya zonse, kaphatikizidwe kupanga mabwalo ziwiri, zomwe zimatchedwa yaikuluikulu. Origin amapereka machulukitsidwe ziwalo ndi magazi minofu mpweya kulemera. Kufalitsa zokhudza zonse chiri motere: ndi atrium kumanzere kwa ufulu pa nthawi yomweyo yafupika, potero kulola magazi mu ventricle kumanzere. Kuchokera kumeneko magazi imatsogoleredwa mu msempha, umene chikudziwikabe kusamukira ku mitsempha zina ndi arterioles, akuthamanga madera osiyana kwa zimakhala za chamoyo wonse. magazi ndiye anabwerera kudzera mitsempha ndipo zipita atrium bwino.

Magazi ndi kufalitsidwa: a yaing'ono bwalo

Kufalitsa yachiwiri akuyamba mu ventricle bwino ndipo itha atrium kumanzere. Monga amazungulira magazi m'mapapo. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa magazi aziyenda bwino mu bwalo wamng'ono ali. Kuchepetsa magazi yamitsempha yamagazi limapereka malangizo mu thunthu m'mapapo mwanga, amene nthambi kunja kwa zopezera lalikulu la capillaries m'mapapo mwanga. magazi, zilowamo iwo, mpweya ndi m'mapapo mpweya, ndiyeno abwelela ku atrium kumanzere. Tinganene kuti kupereka awiri makope kayendedwe ka magazi, poyamba imatsogoleredwa pamodzi bwalo lalikulu kuti zimakhala, ndipo mmbuyo, ndiyeno kakang'ono - mu mapapo kumene mpweya ladzala. Anthu magazi kumachitika chifukwa rhythmic ntchito mtima ndi kusiyana kwa kuthamanga mu mitsempha ndi mitsempha.

ziwalo magazi: mtima

anthu mitsempha ya magazi zikuphatikizapo, kuwonjezera mitsempha, mitsempha ndi capillaries mtima. Ndi akulu limba, mkati dzenje ndi kukhala ndi mawonekedwe tapered. Mtima, atagona M'mimbamo thoracic, akupezeka mu pericardium ongokhala minofu connective. Thumba zipangitsa zonse wetting pamwamba pa mtima, komanso amakhala kuchepetsa limapezeka. Mpanda wa mtima aumbike mwa zigawo zitatu: ndi endocardium (mumtima), myocardium (pakati) ndi epicardial (kunja). Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka minofu mtima ndi penapake amatikumbutsa minofu striated, koma mmodzi chosiyana Mbali - luso basi kuotcha, kaya zinthu kunja. Izi otchedwa automaticity. Zimakhala zotheka ndi maselo wapadera mitsempha amene ali minofu ndi kutulutsa rhythmic malemeredwe.

Kapangidwe ka mtima

The mkati kapangidwe ka mtima ndi motere. Iwo agawidwa amachepetsa awiri, lamanzere ndi lamanja, khoma lolimba. Theka lililonse lili ndi magulu awiri - atrium ndi ventricle. N'zokhudza mwa dzenje anapereka ndi valavu khumudwitsidwa, yomwe imatithandiza kumveketsa mmbali yamitsempha yamagazi. Mu theka kumanzere kwa valavu mtima ali kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke awiri ndipo kumanja - atatu. Mu atrium bwino magazi amachokera pamwamba, pansi pa mphako, ndi mitsempha inatsekeratu mtima, ndi lamanzere - kwa mitsempha anayi m'mapapo mwanga. The ventricle bwino zinagwira thunthu m'mapapo mwanga, amene lagawidwa nthambi awiri amanyamula magazi m'mapapo. The ventricle kumanzere amatumiza magazi lamanzere kung'ambika Chipilala. Pa malire a ventricles ndi m'mapapo mwanga ndi kung'ambika mavavu semilunar imakonzedwa ndi mavavu itatu. Iwo kunyamula kutsekedwa lumens msempha ndi thunthu m'mapapo mwanga ndipo popitapita Mitsempha ndi kuteteza backflow magazi mu ventricles lapansi.

Magawo atatu a minofu mtima

Kusinthana kwa chidule ndi zosangalatsa minofu mtima zimathandiza kuti magazi kuzungulira kudutsa mu kufalitsa awiri. Pali magawo atatu mu ntchito za mtima:

• matenda chidule;
• chidule cha ventricles ndi (systole mwinamwake);
• yosangalala wa ventricles ndi atria (mwinamwake diastole).

mkombero mtima ndi zapakati pa wina ndi chidule wina matenda. zochitika zonse za mtima imakhala m'zinthu, aliyense chomwe systole ndi diastole. Yafupika mtima minofu pafupifupi nthawi 70-75 kwa miniti imodzi (ngati thupi ku mpumulo), i.e. 100 zikwi. Times patsiku. Pa nthawi yomweyo mapampu oposa 10 zikwi. Malita a magazi. Izi Mwachangu mkulu analenga kuzikonzanso magazi kuwonjezera minofu mtima, komanso ambiri njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu izo. Mantha dongosolo, makamaka dipatimenti ake vegetative nthawi kugwira ntchito kwa mtima. Ena ulusi wachifundo kulimbikitsa kuchepetsa nthawi kukondoweza, winayo - ndi parasympathetic - M'malo mwake, zofooketsa ndi kusokoneza mtima. Kuwonjezera wamanjenje dongosolo nthawi mtima ndi humoral. Mwachitsanzo, Epinephrine Iyamba ntchito zake, ndi kuchuluka zili potaziyamu kumabwezera mmbuyo izo.

Zikhulupiriro zimachitika

Kugunda otchedwa rhythmic ziwiya oscillations awiri (mitsempha), amene chifukwa cha ntchito mtima. Kayendedwe ka magazi kudzera mitsempha, kuphatikizapo msempha ndi ikuchitika pa liwiro la 500 mamilimita / s. M'zotengera woonda, capillaries, magazi mochedwa pansi ndithu (mpaka mamilimita 0.5 / s). Pang'onopang'ono mathamangidwe a magazi kudzera capillaries walola kupereka mpweya onse ndi zakudya zimakhala ndi kutenga kagayidwe kachakudya malonda awo. Mu mitsempha, pafupi ndi mtima, magazi ukuwonjezeka otaya mathamangidwe.

magazi ndi chiyani?

Mawu amenewa amanena kuti hydrodynamic kuthamanga magazi mu mitsempha ya, mitsempha, capillaries. magazi akuoneka chifukwa cha ntchito zake mtima, amene mapampu magazi mu zotengera, ndipo kukana. Mtengo wake mu osiyanasiyana ziwiya zimasiyanasiyana. ukuwonjezeka magazi ndi amachepetsa mu nthawi systole ndi diastole. Mtima ejects gawo magazi, lomwe lakamba zambiri makoma a mitsempha chapakati ndi msempha. Izi amalenga kuthamanga kwa magazi: Systolic mfundo pazipita ali wofanana 120 mamilimita Hg. Art ndi diastolic -. 70 mamilimita Hg. Art. Pa diastole, khoma anatambasula ali wothinikizidwa, potero akukankha magazi kudzera arterioles ndi zina pa. Pamene mwazi umayenda mwa capillaries wa dontho pang'onopang'ono magazi 40 mamilimita Hg. Art. ndi pansi. Mu venules kusintha capillary magazi ndi 10 okha mamilimita Hg. Art. limagwirira Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mikangano ya particles makoma magazi chotengera kuti pang'onopang'ono akuzengereza otaya magazi. Mitsempha anapitiriza akuponya magazi. Mitsempha dzenje, kumakhaladi ngakhale pang'ono pansipa mumlengalenga. kusiyana pakati pa makhalidwe oipa mu mitsempha dzenje ndi kuthamanga mu mtsempha wamagazi ndi m'mapapo mwanga ndi msempha ndipo amaonetsetsa mosalekeza makope munthu.

Magazi Muyeso

Kupeza magazi mtengo kuthamanga zingachitike mu njira ziwiri. Olanda njira kumafuna mayikidwe a catheter olumikizidwa kwa dongosolo chingwe, mu imodzi ya mitsempha ya (zambiri zozungulira). Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kuti mosalekeza kuyeza zoipazi kupeza zotsatira zolondola kwambiri. A njira si olanda kuona magazi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala enaake, sphygmomanometers theka-zodziwikiratu, basi kapena aneroid. Nthawi zambiri anzawo anayeza pa dzanja, pamwamba pang'ono pa chigongono. Phindu chifukwa limasonyeza bwanji kufunika kuthamanga ndi mu mtsempha wamagazi, koma osati thupi lonse. Komabe, chithunzi ichi zikusonyeza ukulu wa magazi pa mayesowo. Kutanthauza magazi kwambiri. Popanda kayendedwe mosalekeza magazi sangakhoze kukhala zabwinobwino kagayidwe. Komanso, chamoyo ndi kugwira ntchito kwa thupi. Tsopano inu mukudziwa momwe magazi mtsempha wamagazi umalowa mitsempha, ndi momwe ndondomeko kufalitsidwa. Tikukhulupirira Nkhani athu akhala othandiza kwa inu.