Ethics monga Science: Tanthauzo, nkhani ya makhalidwe, mutu ndi ntchito. Nkhani ya makhalidwe ndi ...

Kuphunzira khalidwe la anthu ndi ubale wawo ndi mzake amatenga ngakhale, anthu akale. Ngakhale ndiye, panali chinthu monga ethos ( "ethos" mu Greek wakale), kutanthauza kuti moyo pamodzi m'nyumba. Kenako anayamba kutanthauza chinthu khola kapena chizindikiro, monga khalidwe, mwambo.

Nkhani ya makhalidwe monga gulu nzeru zaumunthu, Aristotle choyamba ntchito, kuwapatsa iwo mtengo wa makhalidwe anthu.

Mbiri ya zikamera makhalidwe abwino

Kale zaka 2500 zapitazo, anthu otchuka kumatanthauza mbali yaikulu ya umunthu, makhalidwe ake ndiponso makhalidwe auzimu amene amatchedwa makhalidwe abwino. Cicero, popeza familiarized ndi ntchito za Aristotle, anayambitsa watsopano akuti "makhalidwe", amene amapereka phindu chomwecho.

Kukula wotsatira wa nzeru kwachititsa chakuti izo kupeza malangizo osiyana - makhalidwe. Mutu (tanthauzo), anaphunzira sayansi, - makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe. Kwa nthawi yaitali magulu awa anapereka mfundo yomweyo, koma ena akatswiri awo olemekezeka. Mwachitsanzo, Hegel ankakhulupirira kuti makhalidwe - ndi maganizo zotengera malingaliridwe a khalidwe labwino - akuchita okha ndi chikhalidwe chawo cholinga.

Malinga ndi njira zakale zikuchitika mu dziko, ndi kusintha mu Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe wa anthu, nkhani ya makhalidwe zonse zinasintha tanthauzo lake ndi wokhutira. Chimene icho chinali khalidwe la anthu wosazindikira, kupeza anthu osaka nthawi yapamwamba, ndipo awo mfundo koyenela anyozedwa nzeru ena akale.

Doantichnaya chikhalidwe

Kale iwo anapanga nkhani ya makhalidwe sayansi, panali nthawi yaitali, wotchedwa "predetikoy".

Imodzi mwa oimira wotchuka kwambiri nthawi kuti angatchedwe Homer, ngwazi za zomwe waika wa makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa. Koma ambiri mfundo zimene zochita makhalidwe abwino ndipo kodi si iye sanabadwe apangidwa. Kapena "Odyssey" kapena "Iliad" si zothandiza koma kungoti ndi ofotokozera za zochitika, anthu otchuka ndi milungu, amene anakhalapo pa nthawi.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo zofunika anthu ngati muyeso wa makhalidwe abwino ndi koyenela anali kuperekedwa mu ntchito za Hesiod, amene anakhala pa chiyambi cha kalasi gulu la anthu. makhalidwe waukulu wa munthu ankaona ntchito yabwino, chilungamo ndi kumbali ya ntchito monga maziko a zimathandiza kuteteza ndi kuwongola pa chuma.

The zopanda woyamba wa makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe anali mawu a anzeru asanu amakedzana:

1. kulemekeza akulu (Chilo);
2. kupewa bodza (Cleobulus);
3. ulemerero milungu, ndi ulemu makolo (Solon);
4. kusunga muyeso (Thales);
5. chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa mkwiyo (Chilo);
6. madama - chilema (Thales).

akwaniritsa zimenezi amafuna makhalidwe ena, choncho ali woyamba makhalidwe abwino kwa anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Ethics monga mutu sayansi ndi vuto - ndi kuphunzira wa munthu ndi makhalidwe ake zinali mu Chiyambi chake panthawi imeneyo.

Sophists ndi anamatetule wakale

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 5 BC m'mayiko ambiri anayamba kukula mofulumira ya sayansi, zaluso ndi zomangamanga. Chiwopsezo nthawi kuti sitinabadwe nzeru ena ambiri, anapanga sukulu zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu, kumvetsera kwambiri mavuto a munthu, makhalidwe ake mwauzimu komanso m'makhalidwe.

Zofunika kwambiri pa nthawi anali nzeru za Greece wakale, kudzera mwa mbali ziwiri:

1. Amoralisty ndi sophists Amene adamutsutsa chilengedwe lamulo zofuna onse abwino. Mwachitsanzo, wosokoneza Protagoras ankakhulupirira kuti nkhani ndi chinthu chikhalidwe - makhalidwe abwino, si okhazikika, kusintha mchikakamizo cha nthawi. Adzaupereka kwa gulu la wachibale, pakuti uliwonse anthu mu nyengo zina za nthawi maziko ake abwino.
2. Iwo anakumana ndi maganizo kwambiri monga Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, amene analenga nkhani ya makhalidwe ngati sayansi ya makhalidwe ndi Epicurus. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti maziko a ukoma ndi mogwirizana pakati pa maganizo ndi mtima. Maganizo awo, kuti sanapatsidwe milungu, choncho, ndi njira kusiyanitsa zoyenera zoipa.

Zinali Aristotle mu "Ethics" nawo makhalidwe abwino a munthuyo mitundu 2:

• zachinyengo, kuti amagwirizana ndi malingaliro ndi makhalidwe;
• dianoetichesky - kunena za chitukuko maganizo a munthu ndi kutha kulimbikitsa zikhumbo mwa chifukwa.

Malinga ndi Aristotle, chikhalidwe ndi nkhani za kuphunzitsa 3 - zabwino apamwamba, makhalidwe abwino ambiri makamaka, chinthu kuphunzira - munthu. Iye ndiye anayambitsa mkombero kuti makhalidwe abwino (chikhalidwe) - The katundu kupeza moyo. Iye anayamba mfundo munthu wolemekezeka.

Epicurus ndi Asitoiki

Mosiyana ndi Aristotle, Epicurus kuika patsogolo pa amanena za makhalidwe abwino, chimene wosangalala ndi zabwino ndi mtundu okha wa moyo yopita ku wosangalala zinthu zofunika ndi zokhumba, chifukwa iwo mosavuta akwaniritsa ndi Choncho, kupanga munthu wopambana ndi wokhutira.

Kufufuza kuya pambuyo Aristotle mu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe kumanzere Asitoiki. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti makhalidwe onse (zabwino ndi zoipa) anaika mwa munthu komanso mu dziko kunja. Cholinga cha anthu - kukhala quality, chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi wabwino ndi kuthetsa ndingaliro zoipa. Oimira kwambiri ya Asitoiki Zeno anali mu Greece, Seneca ndi Mark Avrely ku Rome.

makhalidwe akale

Nthawi imeneyi, nkhani ya makhalidwe ndi kulimbikitsa chiphunzitso Mkhristu, monga dziko wakhala lamanja la makhalidwe abwino achipembedzo. Cholinga wapamwamba wa munthu mu Ages Middle - ndi utumiki wa Mulungu, umene anamasulira ndi ziphunzitso za Kristu za chikondi kwa Iye.

Ngati, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ukoma - chuma cha munthu, ndipo ntchito yake ndi kuchulukitsa pa mbali zabwino, kukhala mogwirizana tokha ndi dziko, ndi chitukuko cha Chikhristu iwo anakhala chifundo cha Mulungu, ndipo Mlengi adzakupatsani anthu kapena ayi.

Afilosofi otchuka kwambiri nthawi kuti ndi Augustine wa ku Hippo ndi Foma Akvinsky. Malinga ndi lamulo loyamba poyamba angwiro, monga iwo anabwera kuchokera kwa Mulungu. Iwo akukhala pa iwo ndi ulemerero wa Mlengi, ndipo iye kumwamba ndi zina womangidwa ku gehena. St. Augustine komanso ankanena kuti gulu amenewa, monga loyipa, ndipo kulibe. anthu ake anachita ndi angelo, anachoka kwa Mlengi chifukwa cha kukhalapo yake.

Foma Akvinsky anapitirira kulengeza kuti chimwemwe pamene chamoyo - ndi maziko a kumidima. Choncho, nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino Zapakati anataya kukhudza ndi munthu ndi makhalidwe ake, kupereka njira Mpingo wa dziko ndi malo anthu izo.

chikhalidwe chatsopano

A wozungulira atsopano chitukuko cha nzeru ndi chikhalidwe akuyamba ndi kukana makhalidwe monga chifuniro cha Mulungu, munthu uyu mu Malamulo Khumi. Mwachitsanzo, Spinoza ankanena kuti Mlengi - ndi chikhalidwe, chifukwa cha zonse, akuchita pansi malamulo yake. Iye amakhulupilira kuti dziko lakunja palibe wabwino mtheradi ndi zoipa, pali vuto limene munthu achita zinthu mwanjira ina. Ndi kumvetsa zimene lipindulitsa ndi zimene zingawononge kuteteza moyo, ndiyo chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi makhalidwe awo abwino.

Malinga Spinoza, mutu ndi mavuto a chikhalidwe - phunziro zofooka za anthu ndi makhalidwe ndi kufunafuna chimwemwe, ndipo iwo zochokera wofuna zitetezeke.

Immanuel Kant, m'malo mwake, ankakhulupirira kuti maziko onse ndi ufulu, chomwe ndi mbali ya ntchito makhalidwe abwino. lamulo lake loyamba la makhalidwe abwino, anati: "Act kuti ndi nthawi nokha ndi ena sadzakhala kuzindikira njira zomveka kukwaniritsa cholinga."

Poyamba alonjeza ku munthu woipa (egoism) ndi malo a zochita zonse ndi zolinga. Kuti apewe izo, anthu ayenera kulemekeza zonse kudzidziwa onse anu ndi winawake. Kuti ndi nkhani ya makhalidwe, Kant anatsegula mwachidule ndi chikupezeka monga sayansi nzeru zaumunthu, ataima popanda ena a mitundu yake, kupanga chilinganizo koyenela view a dziko, boma ndi ndale.

makhalidwe amakono

M'zaka za m'ma 20 nkhani ya makhalidwe sayansi ndi makhalidwe abwino zochokera sanali chiwawa ndi kulemekeza moyo. Mawonetseredwe wabwino chiyambi unmultiplied ankaona malo oipa. Makamaka bwino tsidya lino la kuzindikira koyenela wa dziko lapansi mwa prism zabwino anaulula Leo Tolstoy.

Chiwawa chimabala chiwawa, ndipo wachulukitsa ululu ndi kuvutika - ndi motif waukulu wa chikhalidwe cha. Komanso Pamilunguyo Gandhi, amene anafuna kupanga India popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa. Malinga ndi iye, chikondi - chida champhamvu kwambiri kuti amachita ndi mphamvu ndi cholondola, komanso malamulo yaikulu ya chilengedwe, monga yokoka.

Masiku ano, mayiko ambiri azindikira kuti maganizo a nonviolence amapereka zotsatira aluso mu chigamulocho nkhondo, ngakhale zikhoza kukhala chabe. Iye ali m'mitundu iwiri kumusonyeza: sanali kugwirizana ndi kusamvera boma.

mfundo zikuyenela

Imodzi mwa maziko a masiku ano makhalidwe ndi nzeru za Alberta Shveytsera - woyambitsa wa maganizo a ulemu kwa moyo. Lingaliro wake anali kulemekeza moyo popanda nagawira mu zothandiza, mkulu kapena otsika wapatali kapena wopanda.

Komabe, iye anavomereza kuti chifukwa cha zochitika anthu angapulumutse moyo wanu, kuchotsa wina. Pa maziko a nzeru wake wosankha sadziwa munthu kutsidya obereganiya moyo, ngati zinthu chololera, osati osaganiza achire ake. I waukulu kuletsa zoipa Schweitzer ankaona kudzimana, chikhululukiro ndi kutumikira anthu.

Masiku ano makhalidwe abwino sayansi si Kuneneratu za malamulo, ndi kuyesa ndi bungwe zolinga wamba ndi mfundo kumvetsa wamba makhalidwe ndi kufunika kwake ku moyo kwa munthu ndi anthu onse.

Lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino

Makhalidwe (makhalidwe) - ndi yamakolo chodabwitsa, imene imagwiritsidwa chikhalidwe lofunika kwa anthu. ntchito yonse ya anthu malinga ndi mfundo za chikumbumtima, anazindikira anthu a m'dziko limene akukhala.

Kudziwa malamulo abwino ndi khalidwe koyenela amathandiza anthu atengere mwa ena. Makhalidwe - ndi mkulu amalimbikitsa udindo munthu chifukwa cha zochita.

makhalidwe chikumbumtima ndi zauzimu anaukitsa kwa mwana. Ku chiphunzitso, chifukwa ndi ntchito zabwino anthu ena, iwo anakhala mbali yeniyeni ndi tsiku ndi tsiku za moyo wa munthu, ndi kuphwanya kwawo limaletsa anthu.

zolinga chikhalidwe

Popeza chikhalidwe ndi kuwona akamanena za makhalidwe ndi malo ake pakati pa anthu, kuti amachita ntchito zotsatirazi:

• akufotokoza makhalidwe abwino kuyambira mbiri ya mapangidwe akale kwa mfundo ndi malamulo chibadidwe anthu masiku ano;
• Iwo amapereka kufotokoza za makhalidwe abwino pamaso pa ake "yoyenera" ndi "zinthu" njira;
• Amaphunzitsa anthu zofunika makhalidwe abwino, amapereka wakudziwitsa zabwino ndi zoipa, kukhala amathandiza posankha nzeru zawo "moyo wabwino".

Ndi sayansi, wounikira koyenela zochita anthu ndi ubale wawo imangidwa ndi zofunika pa luntha, akwaniritsa chabwino kapena choipa.

mitundu ya makhalidwe

Masiku ano anthu ambiri, ntchito ya anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za moyo ndi zogwirizana kwambiri, choncho nkhani ya makhalidwe review komanso amayang'ana mitundu zosiyanasiyana:

• chikhalidwe banja amachita ndi ubwenzi pakati pa anthu m'banja;
• chikhalidwe malonda - mchikhalidwe ndi malamulo a ntchito;
• Corporate akuyendayenda ubale timu;
• timatsatira pantchito limaphunzitsa ndipo amaphunzira khalidwe la anthu kuntchito kwawo.

Masiku ano, mayiko ambiri mukutengera malamulo koyenela zokhudza chilango cha imfa, kumaliza ndi kupatsidwa zina ziwalo. Popeza anthu akupitiriza kusintha nazo mutates ndi makhalidwe.