Python - ndichiyani? Waudindo chinenero mapulogalamu

Python ndi pamwamba pa chilengedwe chinenero, amene angathe ndi ophatikizidwa. Iye Mwachitsanzo, ndi ya ntchito monga chida kulemba macros. Python kuvumbitsira wololera kusankha kuti atumikre ambiri mapulogalamu, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, ndipo si zabwino chifukwa ochepa ntchito kompyuta.

Ndiyenera ntchito?

Python ndi abwino kwa ntchito zofuna chitukuko mofulumira. Iwo amathandiza paradigms mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, zabwino mapulogalamu amene amafuna kusinthasintha. Ndipo pamaso pa kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi zigawo lili lomasuka ndi kupulumutsa nthawi.

Guido galimoto Rossum - Python mlengi, mwachifundo mphoto m'dera mutu wa "wolamulira wabwino chifukwa moyo." Cha m'ma 1980, Guido ankakonda mbali ya zinenero zina mapulogalamu, koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo anali mbali zonse ndikanafunira. Makamaka, chinenero amayenera kukhala nawo makhalidwe awa.

malembedwe Language

The script ndi pulogalamu kuti akuthamanga mapulogalamu ena. Malembedwe zinenero ali oyenera kukula mofulumira ndi prototyping, chifukwa iwo kulimbana bwino ndi kulanda deta ku chigawo wina ndi mzake, musakhale ndi mapulogalamu izi zovuta monga kasamalidwe kukumbukira.

wosuta m'dera amakonda kuitana Python zazikulu chinenero mapulogalamu.

The indentation kwa grouping ya ntchito

Python limatanthauzira mawu a gulu lomwelo mothandizidwa ndi padding. gulu limeneli limatchedwa chipika code. M'zinenero zina, limagwiritsa ntchito malembedwe osiyana kapena zopumira. Mwachitsanzo, chizindikiro C amatanthauza chizindikiro poyambira ndi {} - mapeto a malangizo zinayendera. Pamaso pa indentation ndi imatengedwa mchitidwe wabwino m'zinenero zina, koma mmodzi wa yoyamba imene mwambo wa mphamvu indentation amaperekedwa, anali Python. Kodi amapereka? Tulukani amapanga malamulo anu mosavuta kuwerenga ndi amafuna zochepa malamulo midadada mayina a pachiyambi awo ndipo mapeto, ndi zizindikiro zopumira, sipangakhalenso mosadziwa zasiyidwa. Zonsezi kumabweretsa zolakwa ochepa.

Mitundu deta waudindo

Makompyuta kusunga posonkhanitsa deta mayunitsi ndi ziro, koma anthu ayenera kukhala njira zina, monga lemba. Za chinenero zothandiza deta zovuta kunena kuti muzilowa mitundu deta waudindo wake. Izi mitundu deta ndi zosavuta kugwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu mzere Python akhoza unagawanika, kuphatikiza, kumasulira mu nkhani chapamwamba kapena kuchepera, iwo akhoza kufunafuna ndi T. D. Mitundu waudindo deta monga mndandanda ndi otanthauzira, amene amasunga ndi deta zina ndi magwiridwe zambiri, kuposa zinenero zina.

extensibility

Extensible chinenero mapulogalamu akhoza kuwonjezeredwa. zilankhulo zimenezi ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa kuwonjezapo kuwapanga iwo oyenera zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi machitidwe opaleshoni. Yophunzitsa mukhoza kuwonjezera mitundu deta kapena zachikunja, zigawo ndi mapulagini. The chinenero Python ndi kukodzedwa mu njira zingapo. Gulu lalikulu la mapulogalamu ntchito pa icho chimasintha ndi patsogolo, ndi mazana a zigawo zina zolembedwa zolinga zenizeni.

kumasulira

zinenero anamasulira zimagwiridwa mwachindunji ku kachidindo gwero olembedwa ndi anthu, komanso mapulogalamu olembedwa mu zilankhulo analemba monga C ++, ayenera kutembenuzidwa mu makina code. Kutanthauziridwa zinenero ndi pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira kumasulira limapezeka pa ntchentche, koma kulemba ndi debugging mapulogalamu ndi mofulumira chifukwa palibe kudikira akamaliza kompayila lapansi. Iwo savuta mpaka ku nsanja osiyana.

Munthu angathe kukangana za kaya Python kutanthauziridwa kapena analemba chinenero. Ngakhale m'njira zambiri iye ntchito ngati posandulika, asanaphe kachidindo lotchedwa (monga Java), ndipo ambiri mwa zigawo zake akuthamanga pa liwiro zonse za makina, monga kunalembedwa C.

Guido anayamba kulemba Python pa maholide Khirisimasi mu 1989, ndipo pa chaka chamawa, anamaliza chinenero malingana ndi maganizo a anzawo. Kugulu anaona chifukwa, mu February 1991, pamene iye anaikidwa ku umodzi wa newsgroups Usenet.

Python Pakuti Oyamba

Pofuna kuyamba mapulogalamu kulemba Python, muyenera kwabasi. Mabaibulo a Python 2,7 ndi Python 3.5, pali kusiyana kwambiri, chifukwa omwe mapulogalamu olembedwa iwo, ali osayenerana.

Makompyuta, "McIntosh" chinenero ndi chisanadze anaika, ndi zimatengera pa mabuku a zaka opaleshoni dongosolo. Pansi Windows mwina kwabasi Python. Owona unsembe phukusi akhoza anasankha pa python.org malo.

njira ziwiri za anzake

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa ophweka, omwe amakhala mapulogalamu mu Python, ndi kuti akubwera ndi zida kuti azitha, kulemba ndi mapulogalamu yesa.

Mu mode zokambirana, malamulo omwe alowa pa mzere umodzi pa nthawi, pafupi zofanana monga opaleshoni dongosolo (chipolopolo) alandira malamulo ku mzere lamulo. Mukhozanso kulenga wamfupi Mipikisano pulogalamu kapena kuitanitsa malamulo wapamwamba lemba kapena anamanga-mu zigawo Python. Pakuti oyamba, zidzakhala zothandiza kudziwa kuti mode zokambirana zikuphatikizapo yaikulu thandizo dongosolo. Iyi ndi njira yabwino kuphunzira mbali chinenero mapulogalamu.

Osagwira chilengedwe chitukuko kumaphatikizapo mode zokambirana ndi zipangizo kulemba ndi mapulogalamu pake, komanso mayina a dongosolo kutsatira. Lachitatu zinalembedwa Python, ndipo imasonyeza mwayi kwambiri chinenero.

mode zokambirana

Pano mukhoza kuchita chilichonse chomwe tingachite mu pulogalamuyi, ngakhale kulemba kachidindo multiline. mode Izi zikhoza kukhala:

• sandbox kwa zatsopano otetezeka;
• chilengedwe, wakupatsani kuphunzira mapulogalamu mu Python;
• chida kupeza ndi kukonza zolakwika.

Kumbukirani kuti kupulumutsa analowa mu mode zokambirana ndi zosatheka. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kutengera malamulo ndi kulemba zotsatira wapamwamba.

Zogwiritsa mode angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati Chiwerengero, kusintha mawu ndi perekani mfundo kuti zosintha. Mukhozanso kuitanitsa zigawo, ntchito, kapena mbali mapulogalamu kuti ayese iwo. Izi zimathandiza kuyesa zinthu Python popanda kulemba mapulogalamu yaitali ndi mapulogalamu yesa ndi yoti mbali imodzi pa nthawi.

ntchito Intaneti

Pambuyo Python amathamanga mu zenera osachiritsika amasonyeza zokhudza panopa Baibulo pulogalamu, tsiku la kumasuka ake, ochepa nsonga kuchitapo kanthu zina ndi kuitana kuti alowe >>>.

Kugwira ntchito mode zokambirana, lowetsani lamulo kapena mawu, ndipo akanikizire kulowa chinsinsi.

Python amatanthauzira athandizira ndi kutani mtundu amafuna ayankhe, kapena wotanthauzira samamvetsa iye.

Lamulo yotsatirayi kusindikiza mzere. Popeza malo kusindikiza si ananenera, linanena bungwe amapita ku zenera.

• >>> kusindikiza "Hello dziko!"
• Hello dziko!

mzere umodzi ndi pulogalamuyi! The Python interactively amangomvera iliyonse malamulo chingwe analowa ndi kukanikiza kulowa kiyi, ndipo zotsatira zake zili m'munsimu.

Onani zambiri za chinthu

Mu mode zokambirana, pali njira ziwiri kuona zokhudza chinthu:

• kuika chinthu (kapena dzina) ndi atolankhani Lowani;
• kulowa lamulo kusindikiza ndi chinthu (kapena dzina) ndi kukanikizana Lowani.

The chifukwa zimadalira chinthu.

Ndi mitundu ina deta (inteja ndi mndandanda Mwachitsanzo), njira awiriwa kubala zotsatira yemweyo:

• >>> × = [3,2]
• >>> ×
• [3, 2]
• >>> kusindikiza ×
• [3, 2]

Chifukwa zingwe chifukwa cha mndandanda wa «kusindikiza dzina" lamulo kusiyana pang'ono kuchokera chifukwa analandira dzina. Mbali yoyamba, mtengo uli mu zizindikiro ogwidwawo, pamene lachiwiri - palibe:

• >>> × = "MyString"
• >>> ×
• "MyString"
• >>> kusindikiza ×
• MyString

Pamene dzina ananena kuti chipika cha malamulo (mwachitsanzo, ntchito, zigawo, kapena Mwachitsanzo kalasi), nalowa dzina zingatipatse imfomeshoni za mtundu wa deta, dzina ndi malo yosungirako.

Chitsanzo chotsatirachi amalenga kalasi otchedwa Uthenga amasonyeza zambiri za

kuti:

• >>> Uthenga kalasi:
• ... pochitika
• ...
• >>> Uthenga
• >>> kusindikiza Uthenga
• __main __. uthenga

mizere

The mizere Python ali mbali ya m'nkhaniyi. chingwe A weniweni analengedwa ndi kulowa otchulidwa mu makoti umodzi ( '), awiri ( ") kapena patatu (' 'kapena" "") ogwidwawo zizindikiro. Mu chitsanzo, phindu anatumizidwa ku × variable:

• >>> × = "MyString"

Python chingwe ndi zinthu zingapo anamanga-mu. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi luso kubwerera buku lanu ndi onse makalata lowercase. mphamvu akudziwika monga njira. Kuitana njira pa chinthu, muyenera kugwiritsa malembedwe dontho. Ndiko kuti, pambuyo kulowa dzina variable, amene Pankhaniyi amanena kuti chingwe chinthu, muyenera kuika dontho woyendetsa, ndiyeno dzina njira kenako kutsegula ndi kutseka m'mabokosi (.):

• >>> x.lower ()
• "Mystring"

Mungalandire gawo la mzere ntchito indexing woyendetsa m [Ine]. Indexing akuyamba pa ziro, kotero kuti m [0] akubwerera khalidwe loyamba mu chingwe, S [1] akubwerera wachiwiri, ndi zina zotero:

• >>> × [0]
• 'M'
• >>> × [1]
• 'Y'

njira chingwe ntchito mizere monga wamba, ndi "Unicode". Iwo amapanga izi:

• kulembetsa kusintha (kupezerapo, chapamwamba, m'munsi, swapcase dzina);
• kuwerenga (kuwerenga);
• kusintha kabisidwe (encode, decode);
• kufufuza ndi kutibwezera (tikupeza, m'malo, rfind, index, rindex, kumasulira);
• onani zikhalidwe (startswith, endswith, isalnum, isalpha, isdigit, islower, isspace, istitle, isupper);
• amaphatikizidwa ndi kulekanitsidwa (agwirizane, kugawa, rpartition, kugawanika, splitlines);
• mtundu (pakati, ljust, lstrip, rstring, rjust, Mzere, zfill, expandtabs).

Python: Wapamwamba

Ngati Python zingwe ndi zizindikiro zochepa, likutchula malamulo alionse satero. Analamulidwa mbali ya zinthu lachabechabe, kuphatikizapo mndandanda ena. Komanso, n'zotheka kuwonjezera, kuchotsa ndi kuchotsa zinthu zace. chiwerengero A zinthu, ankasiyana mipatuliro mkati m'mabokosi lalikulu, ndipo ndi mndandanda Python. Kodi ili mukuimira, pansipa - apa zitsanzo ndi ntchito deta ndi iwo:

• >>> zapansi = [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> zapansi
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> bases.append ( 'U')
• >>> zapansi
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T,' U ']
• >>> bases.reverse ()
• >>> zapansi
• [ 'U', 'T,' G ',' C ',' A ']
• >>> zapansi [0]
• 'U'
• >>> zapansi [1]
• 'T'
• >>> bases.remove ( 'U')
• >>> zapansi
• [ 'T,' G ',' C ',' A ']
• >>> bases.sort ()
• >>> zapansi
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']

Mu chitsanzo ichi, analengedwa ndi mndandanda wa anthu otchulidwa payekha. Ndiye linakhulupirira mapeto a zinthu akukumana dongosolo la zinthu, zinthu yotengedwa ndi udindo wa index awo anali zichotsedwa amafotokozera ndi mtengo 'U' ndi kusanja zinthu za ntchitozo. Kuchotsa ndi katunduyo kwa mndandanda ndi mmene zilili pamene kuchotsa () njira kupereka mumve zambiri, kutanthauza kuti mtengo kuti ayenera kuchotsedwa.

Kuwonjezera njira zofanana kuchotsa (), Python lili ndi chinthu chinanso ofanana otchedwa ntchito. Kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa ntchito ndi njira n'chakuti woyamba siali kugwirizana ndi chinthu yeniyeni.

Python: Ntchito

Nchito kuchita ntchito pa mfundo imodzi kapena kuposa, ndi kubwerera zotsatira. Large chiwerengero cha iwo ali omangidwa mu Python. Zitsanzo za ntchito anamanga-:

• pe () - akubwerera chiwerengero cha zinthu mwa ndondomeko ya;
• dir () - akubwerera mndandanda wa zingwe kuimira makhalidwe a chinthu;
• mndandanda () - akubwerera mndandanda watsopano initialized ena ndondomeko zina.
• >>> thandizo (kuzungulira)
• Thandizeni pa anamanga-mu ntchito wozungulira:
• wozungulira (...)
• wozungulira (nambala [, ndigits]) -> akuyandama chiwerengero mfundo

N'zothekanso kufotokoza ntchito zanu.

ntchito wosuta chimatanthauza

The ndondomeko ya kulenga yekha Python-ntchito yake zimenezi. Mzere woyamba akuyamba ndi nfundo yaikhulu def, kenako dzina ntchito ndi mfundo (ankayembekezera mfundo athandizira) akachita mu parentheses, komanso limatha ndi m'matumbo a. malamulo wotsatira amapanga ntchito thupi ndi ayenera indented. Ngati ndemanga ili pa chiyambi cha thanzi, amakhala gawo la zolembedwa zake. Mfundo yomaliza pa ntchito akubwereranso zotsatira:

• >>> def transcribe (DNA):
• ... "" "Bwererani DNA chingwe monga RNA chingwe." ""
• ... kubwerera dna.replace ( 'T,' U ')
• ...
• >>> transcribe ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'CCGGAAGAGCUUACUUAG'

Mwachitsanzo wakhala analenga ntchito otchedwa transcribe, zomwe amayembekezera chingwe woimira DNA zinayendera. m'malo () njira akubwerera buku la chingwe choyambirira nthawi zonse khalidwe la wina ndi mzake. mizere itatu ya malamulo akuloledwa transcribe DNA mu RNA. The osiyanitsidwa ntchito chiri motere:

• >>> def chigamulocho (s):
• ... "" "Bwererani akuyambira chingwe kuti iwowo." ""
• ... makalata = mndandanda (s)
• ... letters.reverse ()
• ... kubwerera '' .join (makalata)
• ...
• >>> chigamulocho ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'GATTCATTCGAGAAGGCC'

Ntchito n'zosiyana amatenga chingwe, amalenga mndandanda ofotokoza ndi kusintha dongosolo lake. Tsopano inu muyenera kuchita iwowo. Chinthu ali agwirizane () njira, chomwe chili ndi mndandanda, nagawira yense mchitidwe mtengo chingwe. Popeza olekanitsa si zofunika, njira ntchito pa mzere umaimiridwa ndi apostrophes awiri ( '' kapena '').

otanthauzira

A Dictionary Python - ndichiyani? Iwo ali ubwino mofanana ochiritsira dictionary pepala. Timatha inu mofulumira kupeza phindu anakhumba (tanthauzo) kugwirizana ndi kiyi (mawu). Otanthauzira ndi unazunguliridwa mu braces ndi ankasiyana mipatuliro muli ndondomeko ya kiyi mtengo awiriawiri. Otanthauzira si analamula. M'malo mwake, mfundo dictionary kudzera kiyi awo, osati malo awo.

• >>> basecomplement = { 'A': 'T,' C ':' G ',' T ':' A ',' G ':' C '}
• >>> basecomplement.keys ()
• [ 'A', 'C', 'T,' G ']
• >>> basecomplement.values ()
• [ 'T,' G ',' A ',' C ']
• >>> basecomplement [ 'A']
• 'T'

makalasi

Kuti alenge zinthu anu, muyenera kudziwa mtundu wa chitsanzo amatchedwa kalasi. Mu Python, izi kalasi woyendetsa, kenako dzina ndi m'matumbo. Thupi la tanthauzo kalasi lili katundu ndi njira kuti lidzakhala lilipo kuti nthawi zonse zinthu zochokera kalasi.

ubwino

Ambiri mapulogalamu zinenero kupereka mbali wosuta-wochezeka, koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi osakaniza ngati a mayiko ndi maofesi anapereka Python. ndi ubwino zimenezi? Nawa ena mwa iwo:

• Language akhoza Integrated mu ntchito zina ndi ntchito kulenga macros. Mwachitsanzo, mu Utoto Gulani ovomereza 8 ina ndi chinenero malembedwe.
• Python ndi ufulu ntchito ndi kugawa, pa maziko a malonda kapena ayi.
• Language ali ndi mphamvu processing mphamvu, ndi kufufuza m'malemba kuti ntchito mafomu ntchito ndi zambiri malemba.
• N'zotheka kulenga mapulogalamu kwambiri popanda onani mapulogalamu oyambitsa.
• Python amathandiza kuyezetsa ndi debugging a zigawo munthu ndi mapulogalamu lonse.