Momwe kuchokera alkane alkane? Kodi zambiri mukhonza kuwapeza alkane chiyani?

Kuphunzira kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic, katundu mankhwala anasonyeza chifukwa cha zochita zawo, kulola kuti apange mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndi katundu zipangizo zofanana yaiwisi. Processing chimasanduka opangidwa zochimwazo kumathetsa mavuto ambiri. Ku funso lakuti: "Kodi kutenga kuchokera alkane alkane" mankhwala sayansi ndi mchitidwe wa mafuta akulimbana kupereka mayankho zogwira mtima. Tiyeni tione vuto la ubale wa magulu osiyanasiyana a chimasanduka komanso ena ofanana awo. Ikufotokozanso njira mafakitale processing zipangizo carbonaceous.

Majini relatedness zinthu organic

Mu magawo oyambirira kuphunzira ndi kupanga chimasanduka ndi ena ofanana akatswiri ankaganiza kuti magulu awa amakhala Chrixitu. Pang'onopang'ono anasonkhanitsa zomwe kuunikira ubale majini a makalasi waukulu wa zinthu. Kuyesetsa waukulu anali pa kupeza njira kusintha kukonza, kuonjezera kuti muzikondana. The mavuto zofunika kwambiri za kafukufuku ongolankhula amaona:

• bwanji kuti kuchokera alkane alkane;
• mmene pokonza malasha, mafuta ndiponso gasi;
• momwe kuiperekeza dehydrogenation wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa;
• zochokera alkane kupeza alkyne (acetylene).

Akatswiri ndi madokotala aona kuti pali zambiri kusintha chapansi pa wina ndi chimasanduka ena.

Tanthauzo yeniyeni ya maubwenzi majini Mitundu ya mankhwala

Umodzi wa mankhwala hydrocarbon zatsimikiziridwa popanga zimapangidwira organic monga makampani sayansi ndi kupanga. Mu chitukuko cha vutoli - momwe ndingayendere kuchokera alkane alkane - chopereka kwambiri opangidwa ndi akatswiri Russian ndi Soviet organic. Ambiri ntchito zolinga zimenezi, anachita-kusinthika ndi njira othandizira zimagwiridwa pa umisiri zovuta. Ubale ndi kusinthika tonse mankhwala organic ntchito kuthetsa zosiyanasiyana zothandiza kuphatikizapo:

• kulandira mtundu umodzi wa zopangira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo;
• kupanga mankhwala lovuta zikuchokera kwa mankhwala chosavuta, ndi mosemphanitsa;
• amasulidwe zosiyanasiyana katundu, omwe ankafuna mkulu;
• yopulumutsa zambiri zikutha m'mayiko zachilengedwe hydrocarbon;
• ntchito zomveka mafuta-khala phula, mafuta shale, peat.

Zikuchokera zachilengedwe mpweya

mitundu yonse ya chimasanduka anapeza mwachibadwa zedi kwambiri. Iwo amatumikira kuyambira zipangizo kwa processing ndi yokonza mankhwala organic nyimbo zosiyanasiyana. Magwero chofunika kwambiri alkanes ndi alkenes:

1. gasi. The zili ndi malire dziko hydrocarbon zosiyanasiyana ukufika 80-98%. The mankhwala otsala asafe, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, byuteni.
2. Mafuta. The osakaniza chilengedwe cha chimasanduka isomeric ku madipoziti osiyana amasiyana zikuchokera. Mu mitundu "golide wakuda" alkanes kutsogozedwa, ena wapangidwa cycloparaffins ndi mabwalo. Dome mafuta kudutsa mpweya muli paraffins.
3. Cox. Kupanga khala kofunika zitsulo limodzi kupereka khala phula munali zigawo zoposa 400, ndi akuluakulu - m'bwalolo.
4. Masamba ndi chakudya zipangizo - lalikulu ndi osiyanasiyana gulu, womwenso matabwa, mbewu ndi zipatso za mbewu mafakitale, nyama mafuta.

The kusintha zotheka pakati mankhwala organic

Monga mbali ya miyala ya "golide wakuda" nthawi zambiri pano cycloalkanes kapena naphthenes. Processing zipangizo amapereka mmphepete ozungulira chimasanduka kukhala 5-7 C maatomu mu mphete, ali wamkulu ndi yothandiza. Momwe kuchokera cycloalkane alkane ngati naphthenes nkhokwe zatha? Pakuti Kuchepetsa mankhwala ozungulira hydrocarbon ku zimalimbikitsa njira acyclic dehydrocyclization ntchito. Unyolo 4 kapena kuposa C maatomu atsekedwa, pali mkombero khola. Other masinthidwe labwino la zinthu organic ungasonyezedwere ziwembu losavuta:

• chimasanduka mafuta → → → alkane carboxylic acid.
• Natural mpweya zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka → → carboxylic acid.
• Malasha chimasanduka → → → alkanes → unsaturated hydrocarbon ma polima.
• Mafuta chimasanduka → → → m'bwalomo isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Natural mpweya → → Mowa unsaturated chimasanduka.
• Malasha → methanol.
• Mafuta chimasanduka → → → alkenes butadiene ndi isoprene.

Tiyeni tione zimene mankhwala pawiri akhoza akamagwira zinthu majini zimakhalira pachibale organic.

Momwe kuchokera alkane alkane

Makampani pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa kuwapeza chuma mafuta ndi gasi. Kuyenga - njira zamakono chopezera alkanes ku alkanes:

A) Madzi paraffin chimasanduka amapereka mwachindunji distillation wa mafuta (otsika zokolola za chandamale mankhwala).

B) matenthedwe ndi othandizira akulimbana mafuta ntchito kuwonjezera kuchuluka malekezero kuwala, kuwongolera chimasanduka ndi (mafuta a nyali). The mafuta kachigawo alipo solyarovoe hexadecane, amene amapereka oipa dodecane ndi butylene. Dodecane kale mu palafini kachigawo pansi pa popititsa azingokhala, izo ndi kuwapeza zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon nonane ndi propene (alkene). Anapitiriza akulimbana kungachititse kuti mapangidwe heptane ndi ethylene.

Isomerization ndi alkylation

Othandizira isomerization wa alkanes kulola dongosolo yachibadwa nthambi kulandira: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. The mankhwala a ndondomeko imeneyi - isopentane. Normal byuteni ali mpweya wa akulimbana chothandizira mu zimene isomerization ali n'kukhala isobutane. The mankhwala chifukwa akhoza kukhala alkylated ndi isobutylene pamaso pa chothandizira ndi kulandira isooctane - mafuta apamwamba. Ngati ife monga nthumwi alkylating, ndi ethylene, anachita ndi isobutane analandira kupanga mafuta neohexane.

Momwe kuchokera alkane alkene ndi alkadienes

Makampani unsaturated chimasanduka acyclic ndi chomangira umodzi awiri akamagwira mafuta akulimbana. Pa kutentha, kuwonongeka kwa alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes anachira kuyambira kulemera okwana mankhwala wapakatikati ndi womaliza anachita. Ethylene akamagwira dehydrogenation wa ethane pa chothandizira ndi faifi tambala: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. Byuteni pansi chofanana amapereka 2-butene, imodzi mapangidwe ethane ndi ethylene. Dehydrogenation kungatithandize kupeza njira zothetsera vuto cha mmene angakhalire kuchokera alkadienes alkane. Pamene stepwise kuchotsa mamolekyulu awiri a haidrojini ku hydrocarbon zilipo 4 mpweya maatomu, ndi kusinthika izi zimachitika: byuteni butene → → butadiene. Chomaliza mankhwala n'kofunika kuti ulimi wa mphira kupanga. Mofananamo anakonza butadiene polima wina amene otsanzira zachilengedwe mnzake wapatali katundu: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene mphira.

Ngati alkane kupeza acetylene

Hydrocarbon ndi chimodzi patatu chomangira - acetylene - n'kofunika kwambiri mu gawo mafakitale, zomangamanga ndi malo ena a ntchito zachuma. The ndondomeko wamkulu kwa tsiku lokonzekera alkyne losavuta amagwirizana ndi zochita za madzi pa zidutswa olimba kashiamu carbide. M'malo mwa njira imeneyi anabwera akulimbana za gasi. Tsopano makampani mankhwala makampani kudziwa kuchokera alkyne alkane pa mtengo wotsikitsitsa. Mu zipangizo wapadera zamakono pa kutentha kapena mutamwa kumaliseche ndi magetsi amapezeka dehydrogenation wa dziko - thunthu chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito gasi: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Acetylene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kudakonzedweratu ku acetaldehyde zomwe zina ntchito yopanga asidi acetic, kupanga resins, mapulasitiki, ulusi kupanga, rubbers ndi rubbers.

Momwe m'bwalolo wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa

Ndi paraffin zochita unyolo kuyambitsa benzene ndi ena ofanana. flavoring ndondomeko anaphunzira akatswiri Russian ndi Soviet m'zaka za m'ma XX. Akamanena za ntchito yawo imene imachitika pa "Momwe kuchokera alkane, benzene ndi homologues ake" kumachepetsa kwa dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane ndi chimasanduka zina zimalimbikitsa: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2; S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Njira ina ndi kaphatikizidwe wa acyclic chimasanduka cycloparaffins akutsatiridwa ndi madzi m'thupi: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

Kodi kupeza ethyl ndi alcohols ena ku alkanes

Kale, funso: "Kodi kutuluka mowa alkane" si atasinkhasinkha makolo athu ntchito basi momwe mowa nayonso mphamvu ya mankhwala shuga munali pansi zochita za michere yisiti. Msinkhu luso tanthauzo Mowa zinachititsa kufunafuna mitundu yatsopano ya zipangizo si chakudya kubala Mowa. Mu zoyambirira za m'ma otsiriza wakhala kofunika kwambiri zopangira kwa kupanga labala Lebedev njira. Njira imodzi wakhala ananeneratu A. M. Butlerovym, amene analota kuti njira yotsika mtengo wobala ethylene kukonza njira ya "chopezera mowa." Magwero a chimasanduka unsaturated ndi mankhwala a akulimbana mafuta ndi othandizira dehydrogenation wa alkanes. Konzekerani ku ethane, ethylene, amene oxidized pamaso pa asidi sulfuric: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Hydration alkenes ena, amene analandira ndi kuyenga amapereka homologs Mowa kupanga. The kuipa ali m'kukoma mtengo wa kusinthika kwa asidi komanso kuteteza zipangizo kuchokera zotsatira zake zikuwononga. Makampani anasamukira ku njira hydration mwachindunji alkenes imene catalysts olimba ntchito. Methanol opangidwa pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa dziko. Ethylene ndi homologs ake kutumikira zipangizo monga yaiwisi yopanga alcohols.

Monga alkanes kupeza aldehydes ndi zidulo carboxylic

Pambuyo kuthetsa vuto zipangizo zotsika mtengo yaiwisi mowa makampani akatswiri kudziwa kuchokera aldehyde alkane pa mtengo wotsikitsitsa. Njira imodzi kupeza acetaldehyde - hydration wa acetylene. Ntchito yonse kumachitika malinga chiwembu kuti: gasi → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-COH. Kuchuluka ntchito chimasanduka Mwachibadwa yopanga ethyl mowa. thunthu ndi zopangira kwa kupanga carbonyl ndi carboxyl mankhwala. Acetaldehyde akhoza akamagwira dehydrogenation wa ethane ndi mapangidwe Chifukwa cha Mowa mu zimene makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena dehydrogenation. Imodzi mwa njira - pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Momwe ku asidi alkane carboxylic? Funso kuti inali nthawi yaitali mu gulu la vuto. asidi acetic aumbike pa nayonso mphamvu ya chuma chakudya yaiwisi pamene distillation youma nkhuni. Kukhala akupezeka m'mabuku alkane amalola byuteni makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kulandira asidi wotchipa acetic: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. Anakonza yopanga zidulo ena carboxylic, zimalimbikitsa ndi chimasanduka unsaturated.

Dziko ano chuma N'zovuta kulingalira popanda gasi, mafuta ndi zinthu malasha. Zosakaniza zachilengedwe zimatulutsa alkanes zosiyanasiyana za ntchito yopanga ambiri kaphatikizidwe organic.