Mountain Ayuda; mbiri, anthu, chikhalidwe. anthu Caucasus

Mwa ana ambiri a m'Baibulo kholo Abrahamu ndi ana ake, Isaki ndi Yakobo ndi gulu lapadera la gulu boma mtundu wa Ayuda kuyambira kale anakhazikika m'dera la Caucasus ndi otchedwa Mountain Ayuda. Kusunga dzina m'mbiri, iwo tsopano makamaka anasiya malo ake akale amakhala, yothetsa ku Israel, America, Europe Western ndi Russia.

Kubwezeretsa anthu a Caucasus

Maonekedwe oyambirira a mafuko Ayuda, pakati pa anthu a ofufuza Caucasus amatchula zofunika ziwiri mu mbiri ya Aisrayeli nyengo - Asuri ukapolo (VIII m'ma BC ..) Ndipo Babulo zikuchitika zaka ziwiri mtsogolo. Kuzemba Kugonja mosalephera, ana a mafuko a Simeon - mmodzi wa ana khumi ndi awiri wa kholo m'Baibulo Yakobo - ndi m'bale wake Manase anakhazikika loyamba ndi gawo la Dagestan ndi Azerbaijan, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko kufalitsa mu Caucasus.

Kale pa patapita nthawi zakale (pafupifupi V m'ma BC. E.) Mountain Ayuda intensively akubwera kuchokera Caucasus Persian. Chifukwa kuti iwo anachoka woyamba kumene kuli dera, naonso si Sipadzakhalanso nkhondo yogonjetsa.

Ndi osamuka anabweretsa mtundu watsopano wa kunyumba Judeo-Tat, amatanthauza munthu wa zinenero kum'mwera chakumadzulo Ayuda-aku Iran nthambi. Sitiyenera Komabe, kusokonezedwa ndi Chijojiya kuphiri Ayuda. Pamene commonality pakati pa zipembedzo, pali kusiyana kwambiri chinenerocho.

Ayuda Khazar Khanate

Kuti Mountain Ayuda anapatsa Chiyuda mu Khazar Khaganate - wamphamvu akale limati, kulamulira dera ku Ciscaucasia kwa Dnieper, kuphatikizapo wotsika ndi Middle Volga dera, gawo la Crimea ndi steppe zigawo za kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri a, ufulu wa osamukawo osankhika ndale za Khazars mu unyinji anatengera lamulo la Mneneri Mose.

Motero, boma kwambiri analimbitsa chifukwa kugwirizana mphamvu akomweko zigawenga ndipo malonda ndi ubwenzi zachuma, amene anali kwambiri Ayuda wolemera ndani amene ophatikizidwa mu izo. Izo ndiye kunapezeka kuti malingana nambala ya anthu East Asilavo.

Ntchito ya Khazar Ayuda nkhondo yolimbana ndi Aluya

Mountain Ayuda Khazars anali thandizo kwambiri polimbana ndi kuwonjezeka Arab m'zaka VIII. Chifukwa cha iwo, anakwanitsa kuchepetsa kwambiri m'dera anagwidwa ndi asilikali a Abu Muslim ndi Marwan, moto ndi lupanga aithamangitse ndi Khazars pa Volga, monga anthu komanso mokakamiza Islamized m'madera azigwira.

kupambana kwake pankhondo a Aluya, pokhapokha anakakamizika ndewu ochuluka omwe anayamba olamulira Khanate. Monga zambiri choncho kale, imawonongeka chilakolako chawo monyanyira mphamvu ndi zokhumba zawo. mbiri nthawi Fotokozani dzanja olembedwa Mwachitsanzo, za nkhondo inayambika pakati pa mbali ya Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Kundishkana ndi otchuka Khazar warlord Samsama. Kupatulapo nkhondo lotseguka, kuchititsa kuwonongeka ndithu ku mbali zonse ziwiri, pa kuchita zinali mwachizolowezi mu Zikatero, madyerero - ziphuphu, miseche ndi bwalo zokhota.

Mapeto a Khazar Khanate anabwera 965 pamene Russian kalonga Svyatoslav, amene anali wokhoza kuti apambane pa Georgia, Pechenegs, ndi Khorezm ndi Byzantium, anagonjetsa Khazars. Mu chithunzi ake akumenya Phiri Ayuda Dagestan, dera monga kumuwombera pa analanda kalonga ndi mzinda Samandar.

Pa nkhondo Mongol

Koma Chiheberi ndi zaka zochepa adawomba pa malo lotseguka Dagestan ndi Chechnya, pamene mu 1223 ku Mongolia kutsogoleredwa ndi Batu Khan, ndipo mu 1396 - Tamerlane, osati kuwaononga onse ankagwiritsidwa Ayuda. Otsala izi kuwukira zoopsa, anakakamizika kusintha kwa Islam ndi kusiya mpaka kalekale chinenero cha makolo awo.

Full la sewero ndi mbiri ya Mountain Ayuda okhala pa gawo la kumpoto Azerbaijan. Mu 1741, iwo zinaukilidwa mphamvu Arab kutsogoleredwa ndi Nadir Shah. Iwo sanakhale koopsya kwa mtundu wonse, koma monga kuwukira aliyense anagonjetsedwa ndi mavuto osaneneka.

Mpukutu anakhala chishango a Ayuda

Zimenezi zikugwirizananso ndi folklore ndi. Mpaka lero, izo anasunga nthano ya mmene Ambuye anaimirira pa anthu ake osankhika. Nkhani amapita kuti tsiku lina, Nadir Shah anathyola mu m'sunagoge pa kuwerenga kwa Torah woyera ndipo analamula kuti Ayuda pano kusiya chikhulupiriro chawo ndi kusintha kwa Islam.

Atamva rebuffed, iye anaponya lupanga lake anabweretsa rabbi. Iye mwachibadwa mwakwera pamwamba pa mutu wa Torah mpukutu - ndi kuphana zitsulo munakhala kumeneko, sangathe kudula zikopa zakale. Great mantha wamwano, anakweza dzanja lake kuti kachisi wa. Iye manyazi anathawa ndipo analamula kuti apitirize asiye kuzunza Ayuda.

Zaka kulanda Caucasus

Ayuda onse a Caucasus ndi phiri kuphatikizapo, anavutika zomvetsa osawerengeka pa kulimbana ndi Shamil (1834-1859 gg.), Kuti achite Islamization amakakamizidwa a m'madera ambiri. Pa chitsanzo cha zochitika zimene zinayamba mu Andean chigwa komwe ambiri m'dzikoli amakonda imfa kukana Chiyuda, mukhoza kupanga chithunzithunzi cha sewero unachita ndiye.

Amadziwika kuti ambiri a m'dera la Mountain Ayuda osiyanasiyana m'dziko Caucasus, ankachita kusintha, malonda ndi ntchito zamanja zosiyanasiyana. Mwangwiro kudziwa chinenero, miyambo ndi mitundu yoyandikana ndi kutsanzira iwo zovala ndi khitchini, iwowa analibe kuphunzira nawo, koma mwa kutsatira Chiyuda, kuti tisunge mgwirizano dziko.

Ndi kugwirizana kulumikiza iwo, kapena, ngati ali tsopano mwambo kunena "kapepala zinthu zauzimu," ndipo anatsogolera osatekeseka kulimbana Shamil. Komabe, nthawi zina iye anakakamizidwa asintha, ngati ankhondo ake, pokhala zonse kutentha kwa nkhondo ndi mphamvu za asilikali Russian ankafunika thandizo la munthu waluso ochiritsa Ayuda. Ndiponso, Ayuda aziwapatsa asilikali ndi chakudya ndi zinthu zonse zofunikira.

Monga tikudziwa kuchokera m'masiku a nthawi, asilikali Russian mumpanda Caucasus pofuna kusonyeza apo boma, musati akamenyane Ayuda, komanso sanali tiziwapatsa pafupifupi palibe thandizo. Ngati iwo onse anatembenuka analamula pempho lathuli, ndiye tinakumana, monga ulamuliro, osayanjanitsika anakana.

Mu Utumiki wa Russian Tsar

Komabe, mu 1851, woikidwa mkulu wa Prince A. I. Boryatinsky kugwiritsa ntchito Phiri Ayuda kulimbana ndi Shamil ndipo adalenga iwo ali ambiri ramified zopezera wosankha, kuti apatse zambiri za malo analamula ndi gulu la asilikali mdani. Mu ntchito iyi, iwo kwathunthu m'malo onyenga ndi achinyengo Dagestan azondi.

Malinga ndi akapitawo Russian ndodo, mbali yaikulu ya Mountain Ayuda anali wolimba mtima, wodekha, wochenjera, kusamala ndi luso kukakwera mdani modzidzimutsa. Popeza katundu izi, kuyambira 1853 ndi apakavalo, amene anamenyera mu Caucasus, anaganiza kuti osachepera mapiri sikisite-Ayuda ndi kuyenda mu chiwerengero anafikira anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi.

Ndalama zimene anapereka kwa ungwazi ya Mountain Ayuda ndi zopereka zawo kulanda Caucasus, nkhondo itatha, iwo sayeneranso misonkho kwa nthawi ya zaka makumi awiri, ndipo apeza ufulu wopita momasuka m'dziko lonse la Russia.

The mavuto a Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni

Ndi povuta kuti izi zinali zaka za Civil nkhondo. Khama ndi akathyali, Mountain Ayuda ambiri nazo ndalama zimene chilengedwe chisokonezo ndi chilengedwe kusayeruzika iwo kukhala zofunika nyama achifwamba zida. Choncho, mmbuyo mu 1917 ku madera okwana anagonjetsa akukhala Grozny ndi Khasavyurt, patapita chaka, tsoka chomwecho anachitika Ayuda Nalchik.

Ambiri mwa Phiri Ayuda anaphedwa mu nkhondo ndi achifwamba, pamene ankamenyana limodzi ndi oimira anthu ena Caucasus. N'zomvetsa chisoni akukumbukira Mwachitsanzo, zochitika za 1918, pamene, pamodzi ndi Daghestanians iwo anali kubweza kuukira squads Ataman Serebryakov - mmodzi wa mabwenzi apamtima a General Kornilov. Pa yaitali ndi oopsa nkhondo, ambiri a iwo anaphedwa, ndipo amene ndinali nawo mwayi woti apulumuke, pamodzi ndi mabanja awo mpaka kalekale anasiya Caucasus kusamukira ku Russia.

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, mayina a Mountain Ayuda mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa mwa ngwazi za ankalemekeza mphoto apamwamba boma. Chifukwa chomwe anali kulimba mtima kwawo mosadzikonda ndiponso ungwazi polimbana ndi mdani. Iwo amene anatembenuka m'magawo mukukhala, ambiri a iwo anakhala akuvutika chifukwa cha Nazi. Mu mbiri ya Nazi anabwera tsoka mu 1942 m'mudzi wa Bogdanovka Smolensk dera, kumene ku Germany misa kuphedwa kwa Ayuda unakhazikitsidwa, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi ku Caucasus.

General zokhudza chiwerengero cha anthu, chikhalidwe chake ndi chinenero

Panopa chiwerengero cha Mountain Ayuda za zana ndi zikwi makumi asanu anthu. Awa, malinga ndi kafukufuku, zikwi zana moyo mu Israel, zikwi makumi awiri - mu Russia, monga zambiri mu US, ndipo ena anagawanika pakati pa mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. A pang'ono iwo alinso mu Azerbaijan.

Mountain Ayuda m'chinenero choyambirira pafupifupi mwa ntchito, ndipo anagwetsa m'zilembo anthu amene amakhala lero. Onse chikhalidwe dziko anakhalabe kwakukulukulu. Ndi kusakaniza m'malo ovuta wa miyambo ya Ayuda ndi Caucasus.

Impact pa miyambo ya Ayuda a anthu ena a Caucasus

Monga tanena, kulikonse kumene mwina kuthetsa, iwo mwamsanga anayamba amafanana m'deralo, kutengera miyambo yawo, unsembe wa kavalidwe ndi ngakhale khitchini, koma nthawi zonse mokhulupirika anasunga chipembedzo chawo. Kuti Chiyuda walola Ayuda onse, ndi Mountain, kuphatikizapo kwa zaka kukhala mtundu umodzi.

Ndipo kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri. Ngakhale lero, mu Caucasus, kuphatikizapo ziwalo kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, pali za makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu ziwiri mafuko. Monga kwa zaka zambiri m'mbuyomu, malinga ndi ofufuza, chiwerengero chawo chinali chochuluka kwambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti pakati pa mitundu ina kowonekera kwambiri pa chikhalidwe (osati chipembedzo) cha Mountain Ayuda anali Abkhazians, Avars, Ossetians, Dagestani ndi Chechens.

Mayina a Mountain Ayuda

Lero, pamodzi ndi abale ake onse chikhulupiriro chopereka kwambiri chikhalidwe dziko ndi chuma komanso anapanga Mountain Ayuda. Maina a ambiri a iwo zimadziwika bwino osati maiko kumene amakhala, komanso kupitirira. Mwachitsanzo, odziwika bwino banki Abramov Rafael Yakovlevich ndi mwana wake - wotchuka bizinesi Ian Rafaelevich, Israeli wolemba mabuku chithunzi Eldar Gurshumov, ziboliboli, wolemba wa chipilala a msirikali wosadziwika ndi mtumiki Kremlin khoma Juno Ruvimovich, ndi ena ambiri.

Koma magwero a mayina a Mountain Ayuda, ambiri a iwo anaonekera mochedwa kwambiri - mu theka lachiwiri kapena kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, pamene Caucasus potsiriza linalanda ku Russian Ufumu. Izi zisanachitike, mwa Phiri Ayuda, iwo sanali ntchito, aliyense wa iwo mwangwiro ankachitira yekha ndi dzina lake.

Pamene iwo anakhala nzika ya Russia, aliyense analandira chikalata imene boma la anayenera kupereka dzinali. Monga ulamuliro, dzina la bambo anali kuwonjezera Russian kutha "s" kapena wamkazi "Peninsula". Mwachitsanzo: Ashurov - mwana wa Asuri, kapena Shaulova - mwana wamkazi wa Sauli. Komabe, pali ena amene anavomereza. Njira chabe, izo anapanga ambiri mayina Russian: Ivanov - mwana Ivan Petrov - mwana wa Petro, ndi zina zotero.

Metropolitan Moyo Mountain Ayuda

The gulu la Mountain Ayuda Moscow ndi waukulu mu Russia ndi, monga ena, ndi zikwi khumi ndi zisanu anthu. The osamuka woyamba ku Caucasus kuno ngakhale pamaso zitasintha. Iwo unali wolemera wamalonda mabanja ndi Khanukaev Dadashov, analandira ufulu wa malonda kwaulere. ana awo moyo pano lero.

Misa kusamuka mwa Phiri Ayuda likulu aona mu nthawi ya azingokhala wa USSR. Ena a iwo anayamba anasiya dziko, ndi amene sanafune ukasintha kusintha njira ya moyo, ankakonda kukhala likulu. Masiku ano, dera lawo lili ogula amene amathandiza m'sunagoge osati Moscow komanso m'mizinda ina. Wokwanira kuti, malinga ndi zomwe magazini Forbes pakati pa zana olemera anthu Russia, anayi phiri Ayuda okhala mu likulu otchulidwa.