Moyo ndi Ntchito ya Bach

Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 19 ndipo mpaka masiku ano si zophwetsa chidwi ndi ntchito Ioganna Sebastyana Bach. Zilandiridwenso chosaneneka namatetule amakhudza kukula kwake. Wolemba wamkulu wodziwika konsekonse mdziko. dzina lake amadziwika osati akatswiri ndi okonda nyimbo, komanso ophunzira amene chidwi ndi luso "zolemekezeka". Pa dzanja limodzi, Bach ndi zotsatira zina. Wolemba anagwiritsa ntchito zinachitikira akalambula. Iye ankadziwa polyphony choral ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndi German limba music, makamaka Chitaliyana kalembedwe zeze. Iye ankadziwa ndi zinthu zatsopano, anayamba ndi zinachitikira zowombetsa mkota. Komano, Bach anali Albucasis consummate, amene anali wokhoza kutsegula ziyembekezo watsopano chitukuko cha nyimbo dziko. Zilandiridwenso Ioganna Baha ankasangalala kwambiri pa otsatira ake kuti: Brahms, Beethoven, Wagner, Glinka, Taneyev, Honegger, Shostakovich ndi zina zambiri Oimba kwambiri.

Cholowa luso la Bach

Adalenga ntchito zoposa 1,000. Mitundu imene mosakhalitsa anali osiyanasiyana ambiri. Komanso pali ntchito zotero, lonse limene imachita kwa nthawi. ntchito Bach akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi waukulu polemba chinenero chimenechi:

• Chiwalo nyimbo.
• Amapilira zoimbidwa.
• Nyimbo zoimbira zosiyanasiyana (zeze, zitoliro, limba ndi anthu ena).
• Music kwa ensembles malangizo.

Nyimbo za gulu lililonse pamwamba kutanthauza nthawi yeniyeni. Mu Weimar kuti unalembedwa olemekezeka limba nyimbo. Ketensky nthawi m'pamene nambala yaikulu kwambiri kiyibodi ndi ntchito loimba. Mu Leipzig, kwalembedwa kwambiri amapilira zoimbidwa.

Johann Sebastian Bach. Wambiri ndi ntchito

Malo wolemba mu 1685 m'tauni yaing'ono ya Eisenach, m'banja nyimbo. Pakuti onse anali ngati kudzinenera chikhalidwe. The mphunzitsi nyimbo ya Johann anali atate ake. Mphale akhali liwu lalikulu ndi kuyimba mu kwayara. Pa zaka 9 adali wamasiye. Pambuyo pa imfa ya makolo ake anamubweretsera Iogann Kristof (mkulu m'bale). Nditakwanitsa zaka 15, mnyamata sukulu ya sekondale ulemu Ordrufsky ndipo anasamukira ku Lüneburg Kumeneko anayamba kuyimba mu kwaya ya "osankhidwa." Kwa zaka 17 iye anaphunzira kusewera zida zosiyanasiyana: viola, harpsichord, limba, zeze. Kuyambira 1703 iye wakhala akukhala m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana: Arnstadt, Weimar, Mühlhausen. Moyo ndi Ntchito ya Bach mu nthawi iyi anali odzaza ndi mavuto ena. Iye zikusintha malo okhala chifukwa cha sankafuna kumva amadalira anthu kapena mabwana ena. Iyo inasonyeza woimba (monga limba kapena woyimba zeze). The kantchito zake zonse sanakhutire. Pa nthawi iyi pali nyimbo yake yoyamba kwa limba ndi limba, komanso cantata wauzimu.

Weimar nthawi

Kuyambira 1708 akuyamba Bach kutumikira monga bwalo limba mu Weimar mfumu. Kufanana ntchito woimba yopemphereramo chipinda. Moyo ndi Ntchito ya Bach mu nthawi imeneyi ndi kuberekana. Panthawi yoyamba compositional kukhwima. Panali bwino limba ntchito. Ali:

• Zing'wenyeng'wenye ndi Fugue ku C-moll, a-moll.
• Toccata C-dur.
• Passacaglia C-moll.
• Toccata ndi Fugue mu D-moll.
• "Chiwalo buku."

Johann Sebastian imodzi ntchito pa ntchito mu cantata polemba chinenero cha transcriptions kwa harpsichord Italy zoimbaimba zeze. Choyamba amakopeka ndi mtundu wanyimbo wa sonatas payekha zeze ndi zipinda zazikulu zokhala.

Ketensky nthawi

Popeza 1717 ndi woimba anakakhala Köthen. Apa watenga pamwamba pa positi mutu wa nyimbo chipinda. Iye Ndipotu, ndi wotsogolera moyo wonse nyimbo pa bwalo. Koma iye sanali wokhutitsidwa ndi m'tauni yaing'ono kwambiri. Bach anachita zosamukira ku mzinda lalikulu ndiponso zingamuthandize ana awo mwayi kupita ku yunivesite ndi kupeza maphunziro abwino. Mu Köthen anali ndi khalidwe thupi zikusowa komanso Choir. Choncho, akufotokozera clavier Bach. Wolemba komanso amachita chidwi kwambiri nyimbo gulu loyimba. Ntchito olembedwa Köthen:

• Volume 1 "Chabwino-mtima Clavier".
• English Maapatimenti.
• Sonatas kwa payekha zeze.
• French Suites.
• "Brandenburg Concertos" (zidutswa zisanu ndi chimodzi).
• "Chromatic Fantasia ndi Fugue".

Leipzig ndi pa zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Popeza 1723 ndi maestro miyoyo Leipzig, kumene kwenikweni kwayala (anatumikira monga cantor) mu sukulu ya Tchalitchi cha St. Thomas mu Tomasshule. Iwo amatenga nawo mbali mu bwalo chikhalidwe okonda nyimbo. "College" mumzinda mowirikiza makamu zoimbaimba nyimbo yakale. Kodi katswiri pa nthawi kudzadza Bach? Mwachidule ofunika pofotokoza ntchito yaikulu ya nthawi Leipzig, amene angayenerere kuonedwa bwino. Ali:

• "St. John masautso".
• Misa H-moll.
• "St. Mateyu masautso".
• About 300 cantatas.
• "Khirisimasi Oratorio".

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, moyo wa Wolemba ikufotokozanso nyimbo zoimbira. Iye analemba kuti:

• Volume 2 "Chabwino-mtima Clavier".
• Chitaliyana Concerto.
• Partita.
• "Art wa Fugue."
• Aria ndi michira osiyana.
• Chiwalo Misa.
• "Zoyimbira Chopereka".

Pambuyo opareshoni zinalephereka Bach anapita wakhungu, koma sanasiye kulemba nyimbo mpaka imfa yake.

kalembedwe khalidwe

Kalembedwe Bach unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a sukulu zosiyanasiyana nyimbo ndi Mitundu. Johann Sebastian organically nsalu mu ntchito yawo harmonies bwino. Pofuna kudziwa chinenero zoimbira za Italy ndipo analemba French, iye rewrote nyimbo zawo. zolengedwa zake zinadzala lyrics, kaimbidwe ndi mawonekedwe a French ndi Chitaliyana music, ndi North German contrapuntal kalembedwe, komanso Lutheran mapemphero. Kaphatikizidwe wa zosiyanasiyana masitaelo ndi Mitundu mogwirizana pamodzi kwambiri zokumana shrill anthu. maganizo ake nyimbo anaima wapadera wapadera, ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ndi zina dziko. Bach Timagalasi amatanthauza kalembedwe kuti mbe mu luso la nyimbo. Izi mkulu Baroque classicism. Chifukwa kalembedwe nyimbo Bach a amakhala ndi malo a kachitidwe zapadera melodic, kumene nyimbo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi lingaliro waukulu. Chifukwa katswiri counterpoint luso mwina kucheza nyimbo imodzi angapo. Wolemba German anali katswiri woona wa polyphony. Iwo anali chibadidwe chizolowezi mukupeka ndi waluso virtuosity.

The Mitundu yaikulu

Bach zilandiridwenso zikuphatikizapo Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ochiritsira. Ali:

• Cantatas ndi oratorios.
• Chilakolako ndi Misa.
• Preludes ndi Fugues.
• Choral processing.
• Dance Maapatimenti ndi zoimbaimba.

Inde, Mitundu kutchulidwa Anabwereka akalambula wake. Komabe, anawapatsa kuchuluka lonse. Maestro mochenjera kusinthidwa ndi njira yatsopano nyimbo ndi limaonetseratu, iye Polemeretsedwa mbali ya Mitundu ina. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi "Chromatic Fantasia mu D zazing'ono." Zojambula analengedwera clavier, koma lili kungotchula chidwi za chiyambi ed ndi katundu zimasonyeza improvisations chachikulu limba. N'zosavuta kuona kuti ntchito Bach a "sanawononge" kuimba nyimbo za opera, amene poyamba anali wa Mitundu ŵa nthawi yake. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti ambiri yakale cantata Wolemba n'zovuta kusiyanitsa ku interludes comedic (pa nthawi ino Italy iwo kusinthidwa mu sewero la buffa). Ena mwa Bach cantatas, olengedwa mwa mzimu wa zithunzi zoseketsa mtundu wanyimbo, mwachidwi, ndi German Singspiel.

Okhutira maganizo ndi osiyanasiyana zithunzi Ioganna Sebastyana Bach

zilandiridwenso wolemba ndi wolemera wokhutira wophiphiritsa. Kuchokera cholembera kunja kwa mbuye monga chilengedwe losavuta kwambiri ndipo chachikulu kwambiri. Bach Art lili nthabwala yosavuta ndi chisoni chachikulu, ndi nzeru zaumunthu kusinkhasinkha ndi pachimake kwambiri. Genius Johann Sebastian nyimbo wake wasonyeza za zinthu zofunika kwambiri za nyengo yake, monga mavuto chipembedzo ndiponso nzeru za anthu. Mothandizidwa ndi phokoso chodabwitsa cha dziko, iye akuganizira mafunso wosatha ndi zofunika kwambiri moyo wa munthu:

• Za ntchito makhalidwe a munthu.
• Zokhudza udindo wake m'dziko lino ndi kopita.
• Moyo ndi imfa.

mawunikidwe ameneŵa zokhudzana ndi nkhani zachipembedzo. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. Wolemba pafupifupi moyo wake wonse anatumikira ku tchalitchi, motero nyimbo iye ndipo analemba. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anali wokhulupirira, anadziwa mawu. m'bukhu lake Baibulo linalembedwa mu zilankhulo ziwiri (Latin ndi German). Iye anagwiritsitsa posts kuvomereza, anali masiku opatulika. A masiku ochepa kuti aphedwe, iye anatenga mgonero. The ngwazi chachikulu cha Wolemba ndi Iisus Hristos. Izi chithunzi yabwino Bach anaona mwiniwake wa makhalidwe abwino a munthuyo, ungwiro wa maganizo, mphamvu ya mzimu, kukhulupirika njira osankhidwa. Nsembe zochita za Yesu Khristu chipulumutso cha anthu chinali cha chamkati Bach a. Mu ntchito ya Wolemba pa, nkhaniyi inali yofunika kwambiri.

Ikuimira Bach

Mu nthawi Baroque panali ophiphiritsa nyimbo. Kudzera limasonyeza kuti pali zovuta ndi zodabwitsa dziko la Wolemba lapansi. nyimbo Bach anali atazindikira mwa m'nthawi monga kulankhula chimaonekera bwino. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo mu izo wa ankasinthana khola melodic, kusonyeza chikondi wina ndi malingaliro. Chotero phokoso mitunduyi amatchedwa kanjedza nyimbo-losafuna. Ena zapita zimakhudza anthu ena atsanzira intonation la kulankhula kwa anthu ena ankavala khalidwe wodziwika bwino. Nawa ena mwa iwo:

• anabasis - kukwera;
• circulatio - kasinthasintha;
• catabasis - mbadwa;
• exclamatio - modabwa, kukwera chimodzi;
• fuga - akuthamanga;
• passus duriusculus - Chromatic Inde, ntchito mawu a mavuto kapena chisoni;
• suspiratio - akuusa moyo;
• tirata - Boom.

Pang'onopang'ono nyimbo kanjedza losafuna ali ngati "zizindikiro" mfundo zina ndipo maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsika chithunzi catabasis kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chisoni, chisoni, chisoni, imfa, zinthu m'manda. Pang'onopang'ono m'mwamba kayendedwe (anabasis) ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu a kukwera, mzimu yapamwamba ndi zinthu zina. Amajambulapo maluwa okongola, anthu ali anamuona pa ntchito zonse za Wolemba lapansi. Ntchito Bach a chogwidwa ndi Aprotestanti chorale, umene maestro analankhula pa moyo wake. Iye ali ndi tanthauzo. Kugwira ntchito ndi kukuwa anali ikuchitika zosiyanasiyana Mitundu - cantatas, masautso, preludes. Choncho, ndithu mwanzeru kuti chorale Chiprotestanti ndi mbali yofunika ya chinenero nyimbo Bach a. Pakati otchulidwa zofunika zopezeka mu nyimbo aluso, tisaiwale ma khola mawu amene ali mfundo zonse. Ntchito Bach a chogwidwa ndi chizindikiro cha mtanda. Amakhala ndi malangizo anayi a nyimbo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngati decrypt Wolemba dzina (BACH) zolemba, ndiye likutipatsa Chithunzi cha chimodzimodzi. B - Lathyathyathya B, A - A, C - kuti, H - B. A chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha nyimbo ya zilembo Bach ndi ofufuza monga F. Busoni, A. Schweitzer, M. Yudin, B. Jaworski ndi ena.

Kubadwa "Chachiwiri"

Pa moyo wa Sebastian Bach anali kuyamikira. m'nthawi yake ankamudziwa kwambiri ngati limba osati wopeka nyimbo. Pa lidalembedwa limodzi lalikulu buku. ochepa afalitsidwa a ambiri ntchito zake. Atamwalira dzina wolemba anali posakhalitsa, ndi zolembedwa kupulumuka anasonkhana fumbi yachokera kwa. Mwina tingachite bwino sadziwa munthu wa mwapang'ono. Koma, mwamwayi, izo sizinachitike. chidwi chenicheni Bach anaonekera m'zaka 19. Kamodzi Mendelssohn opezeka laibulale ya nyimbo, "St Mateyu masautso", umene chidwi kwambiri. Pansi kasamalidwe wake, ntchito bwinobwino unkachitika mu Leipzig. anthu ambiri anasangalala ndi nyimbo adakali wamng'ono odziwika wolemba. Tikhoza kunena kuti ichi chinali kubadwa lachiwiri la Johann Sebastian Bach. Mu 1850 (tsiku 100th imfa wolemba a) Bach a Society anakhazikitsidwa mu Leipzig. Cholinga cha bungwe limeneli linali buku la Bach mipukutu zopezeka mu mawonekedwe a ntchito kwathunthu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabuku 46 asonkhanitsa.

Chiwalo Bach. chidule

Chiwalo Wolemba analenga mankhwala kwambiri. Izi chida Bach - chinthu chenicheni. Pano iye anali wokhoza mumalozana maganizo awo, makhalidwe, ndi kubweretsa zonsezi kwa womvera lapansi. Choncho kuphatikiza mizere, zoimbaimba, virtuosity, zithunzi kwambiri. Nyimbo analenga thupi, amatikumbutsa Zojambula pakhoma kupenta. Onse a iwo anapereka makamaka pafupi akuluakulu. The zing'wenyeng'wenye, Toccata ndi kukhumbira anati zithunzi zomvetsa chisoni nyimbo mu free, mitundu improvisational. Fougamou chibadidwe mu virtuosity makamaka ndi champhamvu chitukuko. Chiwalo Bach transmits mkulu ndakatulo ya mawu ake ndi mlingo waukulu wa improvisations zazikulu.

Mosiyana ndi ntchito clavier, limba fugues wokulirapo akukhudza ndi wokhutira. Kayendedwe ka fano nyimbo ndi chitukuko zichitike kuwonjezera zochita. The kutumizgika nkhani zokambidwa mu mawonekedwe a zigawo zigawo zazikulu nyimbo, koma wapadera apawokha chikhalidwe ndipo palibe yopuma. M'malo mwake, chogwidwa ndi kupitiriza (mosalekeza kayendedwe). Aliyense mawu lachokera ku kale kuwonjezeka voteji. anamanga chabe ndi mfundo zazikulu. Maganizo kenako kuuka kwa chimbuzi kumatheka. Bach ndi wolemba woyamba amene anaonekera malamulo chitukuko symphonic m'njira zikuluzikulu za malangizo polyphonic nyimbo. Chiwalo Bach ngati igwera mu mitengo iwiri. The choyamba - chiyambi, toccata, fugue, zongopeka (zikuluzikulu nyimbo mkombero). The chachiwiri - wina mbali chorale preludes. Tawalemba mawu a m'chipinda. Kufufuza mafano ambiri m'nyimbo: wapamtima, chisoni ndi sublimely Kulingalira. Ntchito yabwino limba Ioganna Sebastyana Bach - Toccata ndi Fugue ali D zazing'ono, zikulosera ndi Fugue mu A zazing'ono, ndi ntchito zina zambiri.

Ntchito Harpsichord

Polemba nyimbo Bach anadalira zinachitikira akapolo anzawo akale. Koma pano, anasonyeza kuti kukhala Albucasis. Clavier Bach amakhala ndi sikelo, imachita ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana, kufunafuna njira mawu. Choyamba ndinamverera Olemba ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana chida. Mu ankalemba ntchito zake, iye sadali owopa kuyetsa ndi kukhazikitsa maganizo kwambiri maudindo ndi ntchito. Polemba ankatsogoleredwa ndi lonse nyimbo. Ndiyamika wake kudzera luso Clavier kumadalira. Wolemera yatsopano chida katswiri njira ndiponso kusintha akamanena za zithunzi nyimbo.

Mwa ntchito zake kwa chiwalo zazikulu:

• Ziwiri mawu ndi mbali zitatu Anatulukira.
• "English" ndi "French" Maapatimenti.
• "Chromatic Fantasia ndi Fugue".
• "Chabwino-mtima Clavier".

Choncho, ntchito Bach ndi chidwi ndi sikelo yake. Wolemba The chimagwiritsidwa zodziwika mdziko lonse. ntchito zake kuti tiganize ndi kusonyeza. Kumvetsera nyimbo zake, involuntarily kumizidwa iwo, kuganizira tanthauzo lalikulu, chimawadetsa. Mitundu, amene Maestro analankhula pa moyo wake anali yosiyanasiyana. Izi nyimbo limba, amapilira ndi zoimbira nyimbo zoimbira zosiyanasiyana (zeze, zitoliro, limba ndi ena) ndi ensembles malangizo.