Mpweya monoxide: chilinganizo ndi katundu

gaseous zinthu zambiri alipo mu chikhalidwe, umatulutsa kupanga ndi amphamvu mankhwala poizoni. Amadziwika kuti chlorine ntchito ngati chida zamoyo awiri bromine kukhudza kwambiri zikuwononga pa khungu, sulfide wa hydrogen amachititsa poyizoni ndi zina zotero.

nkhani ina yotero ndi carbon monoxide kapena mpweya monoxide, chilinganizo cha amene ali ndi makhalidwe chake pa dongosolo la. Za iye, ndipo tikambirana zina.

Chemical chilinganizo NKHA

Wazotsatira chilinganizo Polingalira za nkhani pawiri motere: SB. Komabe, fomu iyi yokha akulongosola za Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera, koma bwanji makhalidwe a dongosolo ndipo kuti kumangidwa atomiki mu molekyulu ndi. Ndipo zosiyana ndi zimene mpweya zina zonsezi.

Mbali imeneyi zimakhudza pawiri anasonyeza katundu thupi ndi mankhwala. Kodi mtundu wa dongosolo?

kapangidwe maselo

Choyamba, chilinganizo wazotsatira Timaona kuti mpweya pawiri ali valency II. Monga ngati mpweya. Choncho, aliyense wa iwo akhoza kupanga awiri kumangigwa. Mankhwala opangidwa ndi carbon monoxide NKHA ndi zowoneka anatsimikizira.

Ndipo zikuchitikadi. Pakati pa mpweya atomu ndi mpweya ndi limagwirira socialization ma elekitironi unpaired anapanga, pawiri covalent chomangira kumalo ozizira. Choncho, structural chilinganizo cha kwa mpweya monoxide zimatengera mtundu C = O.

Komabe, pa molekyulu imeneyi sikuthetsa kumeneko. Pakuti limagwirira mwiniwake-acceptor mu mapangidwe molekyulu amapezeka lachitatu, dative kapena semipolar muzikondana. N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Popeza pambuyo mapangidwe kumangidwa covalent pa kuwombola kuti mpweya amakhalabe mitundu iwiri iwiri ya ma elekitironi, ndi mpweya atomu - kanthu yozungulira, ndiye machitidwe yamasika ngati acceptor ya m'modzi wa awiriawiri woyamba. M'mawu ena, awiri mpweya elekitironi ili pa ufulu yozungulira mpweya chomangira mapangidwe amapezeka.

Choncho, mpweya - acceptor, mpweya - mwiniwake. Choncho, chilinganizo NKHA umagwirira zimatengera mtundu zotsatirazi: S≡O. structuring Izi anati molekyulu zina mankhwala bata ndi inertness anasonyeza ndi katundu m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa.

Choncho, mgwirizano mu molekyulu wa carbon monoxide:

• awiri covalent kumalo ozizira anapanga pa kuwombola limagwirira chifukwa socialization ma elekitironi unpaired;
• wina dative anapanga pa mogwirizana mwiniwake-acceptor pakati pa ufulu awiri elekitironi ndi yozungulira;
• zonse zomangira mu molekyulu ndi - atatu.

thupi katundu

Pali makhalidwe amene, monga pawiri wina aliyense ali mpweya monoxide. Dongosolo la thunthu momveka bwino kuti Krustalo latisi wa maselo, boma gaseous m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Izi zikutanthauza zotsatirazi magawo thupi.

1. S≡O - mpweya monoxide (chilinganizo) kachulukidwe - 1,164 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.
2. Kuwira mfundo ndi limatsogolera mfundo motero: 191/205 ⁰ C.
3. Sungunuka: madzi (pang'ono), efa, benzene, mowa, chloroform.
4. Zilibe kulawa ndi fungo.
5. Colorless.

Kuyambira mfundo zamoyo view, ndi woopsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu onse moyo, kupatula mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya.

katundu mankhwala

Ku maganizo a reactivity, mmodzi mwa mankhwala inert m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa - ndi carbon monoxide. Chilinganizo, mmene zomangira zonse m'gulu molekyulu ndi, zikutsimikiziridwa. Ndi chifukwa cha dongosolo amphamvu pawiri pansi zizindikiro muyezo zachilengedwe pafupifupi kulowa mogwirizana iliyonse.

Komabe, osachepera pang'ono kutentha dongosolo monga dative chomangira mu molekyulu ndi chisoni monga covalent. Ndiye mpweya monoxide amayamba kusonyeza kuchepetsa katundu yogwira, ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Choncho, amatha yatikhudza ndi:

• mpweya;
• chlorine;
• alkalis (chimasungunula);
• ndi oxides ndi mchere zitsulo;
• ndi imvi;
• pang'ono madzi;
• ammonia;
• ndi wa hydrogen.

Choncho, wakhala chinanena pamwamba katundu amene akusonyeza carbon monoxide, limatiuza chilinganizo kwakukulukulu.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Ndiwo NKHA mu mlengalenga - moto nkhalango. Ndithudi, ndondomeko chachikulu mapangidwe gasi ndi - kuyaka tsankho zamitundu yosiyanasiyana mafuta, makamaka organic chikhalidwe.

magwero Anthropogenic wa carbon monoxide mpweya ndi chofunika ngati zaperekedwa kwa nusu misa ya anthu chomwecho, komanso zachilengedwe. Njirazi ndi monga:

• utsi ku ntchito mphero ndi mafakitale, zomera zitsulo ndi mabizinezi ena mafakitale;
• mipweya utsi injini kuyaka mkati.

M'mikhalidwe zachilengedwe, mpweya monoxide mosavuta oxidized ndi mpweya mumlengalenga ndi mpweya madzi mpweya. Pa izi zachokera thandizo milandu poyizoni ndi pawiri izi.

phwando

M'pofunikanso kulozera mbali imodzi. Mpweya monoxide (chilinganizo), mpweya woipa (loukitsa maselo), motero, ali motere: S≡O ndi G = C = O. Kusiyana pa atomu imodzi oxygen. Motero, njira mafakitale yopangira monoxide potengera zimene pakati mpweya woipa ndi: NKHA ₂ + C = 2 Akorinto. Izi ndi njira yosavuta ndi ambiri kwa kaphatikizidwe pawiri lapansi.

Zasayansi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mankhwala organic, mchere zitsulo ndi nkhani zovuta, popeza zokolola si ayenera kukhala waukulu kwambiri.

Mkhalidwe reagent pamaso pa mpweya kapena mpweya monoxide njira - palladium mankhwala enaake. Mu zitsulo kwawo koyera popangidwa ndi anzake amene amachititsa kunachita mdima wa njira kapena pamwamba pepala.

Zotsatira kwachilengedwenso pa chamoyo

Monga kale chinanena pamwamba, mpweya woipa - kwambiri poizoni, colorless, oopsa ndipo amapha tizilombo kwa thupi. Ndipo osati ndi anthu, ndi onse amoyo iliyonse. Zomera zimene mchikakamizo cha utsi galimoto, kufa msanga kwambiri.

Kodi kwenikweni zotsatira zamoyo mpweya monoxide pa chilengedwe mkati mwa miyoyo nyama? nkhani zonse mu mapangidwe zovuta khola mankhwala magazi mapuloteni hemoglobin ndi mpweya ankaona. M'malo okosijeni azunguliridwa njoka. Ma kupuma nthawi yomweyo oletsedwa, mpweya kuwombola sizingatheke mu njira yachibadwa ake.

Chifukwa, pali blockage mwapang'onopang'ono himogulobini ndi, monga Motero, imfa. Ndi kuti akakanthe lonse ndi 80%, kuti zotsatira za poyizoni anakhala amapha. Chifukwa chaichi, ndi carbon monoxide ndende mu mlengalenga akhale 0.1%.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira, amene angathe kudziwa isanayambike poyizoni ndi pawiri izi ziri motere:

• mutu;
• chizungulire;
• imfa ya chikumbumtima.

Lothandiza Choyamba - kwa mpweya wabwino, pamene mpweya woipa mchikakamizo cha mpweya kwasanduka asidi carbonic, amene defused. Nthawi amafa chifukwa cha thunthu mu funso kawirikawiri, makamaka m'nyumba mbaula magetsi. Pambuyo kuyaka nkhuni, malasha ndi mafuta ena monga chochokera kwa mpweya kwenikweni mitundu. Compliance ndi malamulo chitetezo n'kofunika kuti kuteteza moyo ndi thanzi la munthu.

Komanso, nthawi zambiri poyizoni mu mosungira, omwe anasonkhana zambiri akuthamanga injini galimoto, koma iwo anabweretsa zokwanira mpweya wabwino. Imfa chimachitika mu ola limodzi owonjezera ndende kololeka. Kumverera kukhalapo kwa mpweya ndi thanzi zosatheka, pambuyo pa zonse, palibe fungo, palibe mtundu sapereka.

Ntchito pakampani

Makampani zitsulo kuti ayambe zitsulo ku oxides awo kapena salt zochita zambiri ntchito mpweya monoxide. Dongosolo la pawiri chifukwa - NKHA _2. zitsulo - mankhwala woyera nawonso anapanga.

Komanso, mpweya monoxide ntchito:

• chifukwa processing wa nyama ndi nsomba katundu, amene amalola ife kuwapatsa zoonanso;
• Pakuti kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala ena organic;
• ndi mbali ya jenereta mpweya.

Choncho, mankhwala si zoipa ndi woopsa, komanso zothandiza kwambiri ntchito anthu ndi zachuma.