Liwiro la kuwala zingalowe ndi ... osati

Munthu nthawi zonse chidwi mu chikhalidwe cha kuwala, umboni ndi nthano za, nthano, zilipo kutsutsana ndi akatswiri kungophunzira zimene asayansi. Kuwala wakhala chifukwa mtsutso ankaphunzitsa wakale, ndipo anayesera kuliphunzira nthawi ya pakutchulidwa wa Euclidean Masamu - 300 BC Zinali akudziwa kale za kafalitsidwe rectilinear kuwala, angelo wofanana zochitika ndi kusinkhasinkha, refraction chodabwitsa anafotokoza zimayambitsa utawaleza. Aristotle ankakhulupirira kuti kuwala kumayendera ali wopandamalire, chotero, mwanzeru ndiponso muyeso wa liwiro la kuwala sangathe kudzasintha. Nkhani mmene vutoli ndi luntha ake zozama za nyengo patsogolo pa yankho.

Ena zaka 900 zapitazo, Avicenna adafotokoza kuti kaya wamkulu kapena kuwala kumayendera ndi, pambuyo pa zonse, ali ndi phindu amalire. maganizo Ichi sichinali kokha iye, koma palibe amene wakwanitsa kutsimikizira izo experimentally. Genius Galileo Galiley akufuna ndi kuyesera mechanistic kumvetsetsa vutolo: Anthu awiri atayima pa mtunda wa makilomita ochepa a wina ndi mzake, kupereka chizindikiro, kutsegula vavu nyali. Pamene chipani chachiwiri kuwala kwa nyali yoyamba, umathandiza chipata chake, ndipo chipani choyamba akulemba nthawi ya chiphaso cha kuwala ayankhe chizindikiro. Ndiye mtunda kumawonjezera, ndi chirichonse mobwerezabwereza. Zikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka loko mwamsanga ndi tsiku kuti kuchita mawerengedwe a kuwala kumayendera. Kuyesa idatha kanthu, chifukwa "sizinali mwadzidzidzi, koma mwachangu kwambiri."

Woyamba anayeza liwiro la kuwala zingalowe kwa 1676, zakuthambo mahule Roemer - Pamafunika kutsegula Galileo: anapeza mu 1609, anayi Jupiter Kanema, imene pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi nthawi kusiyana pakati pa makina awiri kadamsana anali masekondi 1320. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zakuthambo nthawi yake Roemer anali kuwala kumayendera wofanana 222.000 kukafika pa mphindi. Zidzasintha anali kuti njira muyeso yokha zolondola kwambiri - kugwiritsa ntchito panopa amadziwika deta awiri m'mipita Earth, Jupiter ndi kumathima Kanema kuchedwa nthawi amapereka mathamangidwe kwa kuwala zingalowe, mpaka tsiku mfundo akamagwira njira zina.

Poyamba zatsopano Romer anali kudandaula imodzi yokha - kunali kofunika kuyeza njira lapansi. Panapita pafupifupi zaka 200 ndipo Louis Fizeau anamanga zida luso limene mtengo kuwala anasonyeza kwa galasi pa mtunda wa makilomita oposa 8 ndipo anabwerera. Fineness anali kuti zinachitika pa njira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo kupyola cavities zida, ndipo ngati liwiro rotational la mawilo kuonjezera, nthawi imafika pamene kuwala amathera kuonekera. Ena - njomba. The chifukwa muyeso - makilomita 312.000 pa mphindi. Tsopano tikuona kuti Fizeau anali akadali pafupi choonadi.

Chotsatira ndi kuyeza kuwala kumayendera anachita Foucault, amene m'malo mwa zida lathyathyathya galasi. N'zotheka kuchepetsa kukula unsembe ndi kuonjezera muyeso molondola kuti 288.000 kukafika pa mphindi. N'kofunika inali ntchito anachita ndi kuyesera Foucault ndi limene anatsimikiza kuwala kumayendera mu sing'anga. Chifukwa chaichi chitoliro ndi madzi anaikidwa pakati pa kalirole Fitting. Mu kuyesera, chinapezeka mtengo kuchepetsa kuwala pa kafalitsidwe ake mu sing'anga malingana index refractive.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, ndi nthawi Michelson, amene tinathera zaka 40 anayeza moyo m'munda wa kuwala. Korona wa ntchito wake unali unsembe lomwe anayeza liwiro la kuwala zingalowe ntchito anasamutsidwa zitsulo chubu ndi yaitali kuposa makilomita theka. Wina kupambana lofunika Michelson anali umboni wa mfundo yakuti kwa timaganiza aliyense wa mathamangidwe kuwala zingalowe, ndipo chimodzimodzi monga muyezo wa chi 299792458 +/- 1.2 m / c. miyezo amenewa ikuchitika pa maziko a ndikusinthidwa Buku mtengo mita linanena wobvomerezeka, mu 1983 ndi muyezo lonse.

Wanzeru Aristotle anali kulakwitsa, koma kutsimikizira anatenga pafupifupi zaka 2000.