Mtengo ndipo achule zobwezedwa m'chilengedwe

The zosiyanasiyana achule, kufunika mu chikhalidwe ndi anthu, makamaka nyama - izi zonse mudzaphunzira ndi kuwerenga nkhaniyi. Achule amatchedwanso achule. Inachitikira pafupifupi mamiliyoni 350 zaka zapitazo kwa makolo nsomba monga mu Upper Devonian. Ngakhale m'madambo inamera Mumapezekanso pa gombe, anali m'chipululu, ndipo lili malo abwino kwa kukula kwa nyama woyamba dziko, komabe sindinali kudziwa momwe kusunga chinyezi mu thupi.

The achule loyamba

Zilibe uwoneka kwa iwo mwamsanga zosiyanasiyana zamakono zonse achule. Photos nyama wakale, mwatsoka, palibe. Iwo ndithudi kuyang'ana chidwi kwambiri. zakuthupi Paleontologicheskii limasonyeza kuti achule woyamba anafanana salamanders chimphona ndi mutu elongated ndi mchira bwino anakamba. nyama zimenezi, amene anafika oposa 1 mita m'litali, anasamukira pang'onopang'ono zosamveka, zovuta kukwawa ku mgodi wina ndi mzake. The Carboniferous amapezeka kwambiri zosiyanasiyana yaikulu ya achule. Koma onsewo anali amangokhala, pafupifupi popanda akukumana palibe yophuka nyama zina monga zakudya zinali zokwanira.

mavuto anatengera

The zosiyanasiyana panopa ndi kufunika kwa achule anayamba mu njira ya kusanduka yaitali. Kusintha kuchokera m'madzi pamoyo lapadziko analenga kwambiri mavuto nyama. Achule Panapita zaka mamilioni zikwaniritsidwe zimasintha kutero. Ndipotu zosiyanasiyana achule amakhala ndi chakuti nyama akhala kuzolowera kwathunthu kwa zinthu harsher malo okhala lapadziko ndi kupitiriza muyenera m'malo m'madzi kwa kubalana. Pakuti bwino kuyenda mu achule kusanduka opepuka mafupa ndi minofu wamphamvu, kugonjetsa mphamvu yokoka. Miyendo achule woyamba anali wamfupi, yaikulu ambiri spaced, ngakhale kuti unali zisanu atagwira. Kupuma achule ntchito matumba mpweya amapasa, kapena m'mapapo.

achule zamakono

Za magulu ambiri m'mbuyomu alipo ya achule anapulumuka magulu atatu okha: Anura (achule ndi achule), Urodela (newts ndi salamanders) ndi Apoda (caecilians - elongated akhungu burrowing mitundu). Achule ndi achule zoposa 2,500 mitundu. The zosiyanasiyana achule za thupi Anura, kuti ndinazolowera moyo osati pafupi ndi matupi madzi, komanso mu nkhalango zotentha, steppes ndipo ngakhale zipululu.

Kaperekedwe achule ndi achule

Mbali wamba achule onse ndi achule - pakhale metamorphosis zonse (metamorphosis). Onse ali ndi zida amapilira, koma amakwaniritsa kutukula okha amuna amene imalira, zokhudza akazi mu nyengo mating kapena pamene mantha. Khalidwe croaking zikumveka opangidwa kudzera Phokoso zingwe amapilira - wophatikizidwa makutu mucosal ya m'phuno ndi. Air akudutsa iwo m'mapapo pa kudzoza ndi mosemphanitsa kwa mapapo kuti matumba ntchito mawu ili pansi M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Pafupifupi achule ndi achule onse zone zolimbitsa masika imatumizidwa madzi. Iwo kusankha malangizo anakhumba, motsogozedwa ndi maselo wapadera atengeke - osmoreceptors anaikidwa M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Pazifukwa zosadziwika, wokongola kwa achule ndi chabe mayiwe angapo, ndipo iwo pa kuswana nyengo ati zosiyanasiyana kwambiri achule ndi achule. Analemba zambiri kufika woyamba ndi kuitana akazi ukwati kulira.

Khungu la achule

masiteji Larval ya achule, achule, newts ndi salamanders kukoka makutu madzi Akusowera akunja pa metamorphosis. Wamkulu achule kupuma m'njira zitatu. Misinkhu mkulu wa ntchito zimagwiridwa, ndondomeko imeneyi mosavuta ndi m'kamwa zibowo zam'mano, ndipo pamene hibernation - khungu pamwamba. Mpweya chinyezi wa khungu mothandizidwa ndi kumasuka zopangitsa ntchofu. Khungu ndi njoka zopangitsa ili, ali makamaka bwino yapangidwa achule zotentha za genera Dendrobates ndi Phyllobates. poizoni wawo amphamvu mivi topaka American South Amwenye omwe ankasakidwa mbalame ndi anyani.

Ambiri achule chakupha ndi zowala ndi, omwe ndi chenjezo kwa adani. Ponseponse amphibian ndi kubisa ochekenera. Inki opezeka maselo khungu (mitundu 3), ndi thickening kapena zimasweka pigment chifukwa mtundu kusintha.

Newts ndi salamanders

Newts ndi salamanders (mmodzi wa iwo amajambulidwa pamwamba) ndi zochepa anawasiya ku chapachiyambi achule mtundu dongosolo. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a salamanders thupi amafanana abuluzi. Ali ndi mutu zodziwika bwino. nyama wamkulu ndi mphutsi ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi mzake, ndi wathunthu metamorphosis khalidwe la achule ndi achule, salamanders kuti sizichitika. 8 mabanja kudziwika tailed pafupifupi mitundu 225. Ngati achule ndi achule, kawirikawiri zimaswana mu madzi. Umuna nyama zimenezi mkati. Yaimuna akumasula ndi spermatophore, lomwe likuthandiza cloaca wamkazi. tailed kwambiri kuikira mazira.

Mating khalidwe la newts ndi salamanders

Pa nyengo kuswana kwa newts mwamuna kukhala mtundu owala, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu ukwati wawo wolimba chibwenzi. Kwa ena salamanders khalidwe neoteny - pamene anthu okhwima kusunga mbali ankaikira bungwe larval: .. makutu Zowonekera kunja, mandala slabopigmentirovannuyu khungu, etc. Chifukwa cha pedogenesis nyama amakhala okhwima chigololo siteji larval. Chitsanzo cha mtundu uwu zikusonyezedwa chithunzi pamwambapa axolotl (larva Ambystoma mexicanum).

caecilians

Caecilians - kakang'ono ndiponso osachepera anaphunzira gulu la achule. Ambiri a iwo kukumba moyo. Miyendo ya nyama zimenezi zilipo. Mbali chidwi caecilians wosazindikira ndi kusunga mamba pakhungu. Maso yafupika kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zawo mwina m'malo mwa tentacles wapadera chogwirika chimene nyama kusintha kayendedwe mobisa. Kuposa ena kudziwika Ceylon ichthyophiidae (Ichthyophis glutinosus), anafotokozedwa koyamba m'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa. Photo naye pamwamba.

South America caecilians - lililonse woimira achule legless. Iye ali wakhungu, amakhala mobisa, ndipo mwina wakudya mphutsi. mitundu ndi anagawira yekha m'madera otentha ndi otentha. South America caecilians amawaumbatira zomangamanga ake. Animal ukufika masentimita 50 m'litali.

Kotero, ife mwachidule pofotokoza zosiyanasiyana achule. Udindo wa achule mu chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu - ndi mutu wina chidwi. Tikukupemphani kuti mukuwerenga za chifukwa nyama zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri.

kutanthauza achule

Amakhala osiyana, zothandiza kwa munthu zosiyanasiyana onse achule. phindu ndi mkulu makamaka chifukwa iwo kudya zosiyanasiyana invertebrates zoipa (tizilombo ndi mphutsi yawo, kuphatikizapo udzudzu, nkhono, etc ..). Izi ndi zina invertebrates kuwononga nkhalango ndi mbewu. Komanso, iwo akhoza kukhala onyamula matenda a ziweto kapena anthu.

Kupitiriza pofotokoza zosiyanasiyana ndi kufunika kwa achule, tiona kuti zakudya mu achule lapadziko amakhala osiyanasiyana kuposa amene ali m'madzi moyo. Per tsiku pafupifupi mankhwala chule akudya 6 invertebrates zoipa kwa anthu. Ngati chiwerengero cha achule awa ndi anthu 100 pa 1 ha, iwo akhoza kuwononga oposa 100 zikwi tizirombo pa ntchito ya chilimwe. achule kazinji kene asadya invertebrates kuti ndi kukoma zosasangalatsa kapena fungo. Achule kusakasaka usiku ndi madzulo dzuwa litalowa. ntchito yawo zothandiza, koma ambiri, ndi otsika, kuyambira yekha m'malo ochepa akamafika manambala chokwanira. Tadpoles, mazira ndi akulu a mitundu amphibian, zikubweretsa waukulu njira madzi a moyo ndi chakudya cha malonda nsomba zambiri, herons, abakha ndi mbalame zina. Achule komanso zimapanga mbali yaikulu ya zakudya angapo a nyama ubweya zobala (polecat, mink, etc.) M'chaka. A otters ndipo achule kudya m'nyengo yozizira.

M'madera ena (America, Asia Southeast, Italy, France), ena achule (achule, salamanders) Anthu ntchito chakudya. Mu United States Mwachitsanzo, pali famu, ayipanga chule-ng'ombe (chithunzi pamwambali). Only miyendo yakumbuyo kugunda msika, ndi mitembo ndi kudyetsedwa kwa ziweto. Mu nthawi yake ku Ukraine ndi kulowerera kukolola achule wobiriwira. Iwo ayipanga kwa katundu ndi zithaphwi ndi mitsinje ya Danube. Komabe, manambala awo anakana mofulumira, ndi kupangidwa inaima.

Mu M'madera a zitunda kotentha, chiwerengero cha achule ndi ang'ono, kotero muyenera kuwateteza. The zosiyanasiyana achule ndi chitetezo awo - chinsinsi bwino zachilengedwe.