Mutational masiyanidwe ndi mitundu cha masinthidwe

Mawu akuti "kusintha" amachokera ku Latin mawu "mutatio", limene kwenikweni limatanthauza - kusintha kapena kusintha. Mutational masiyanidwe limasonyeza zosintha khola ndi zoonekeratu nkhani majini kuti chimaonetsedwa makhalidwe cholowa. Izi kugwirizana choyamba mu unyolo mapangidwe ndi pathogenesis matenda otengera kwa makolo. zodabwitsazi wakhala ankaphunzira mwakhama theka lachiwiri la zana la 20, ndipo tsopano ndi zambiri mungathe kumva kuti masiyanidwe mutational ayenera kuphunzira komanso kudziwa ndi kuzindikira limagwirira amakhala chinsinsi kugonjetsa mavuto a anthu.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya masinthidwe maselo. Gawo timadalira pa mitundu ya maselo okha. masinthidwe zobereka zimachitika maselo nyongolosi, maselo germline komanso kulibe. kusintha alionse tinatengera ndipo amapezeka maselo ana, ku mibadwomibadwo wadutsa zingapo zolakwika zimene pamapeto pake kukhala chifukwa cha matenda.

masinthidwe Somatic ndi asexual maselo. peculiarity awo ndi kuti iwo amaoneka okha kuti munthu amene anaonekera. Ie kusintha si timabadwa maselo ena, koma pamene agawidwa mu thupi limodzi. Somatic mutational masiyanidwe akuwonekera noticeable pamene chimayambira mu magawo oyambirira. Ngati kusintha kumachitika mu magawo oyambirira onongani zygote, pali mizere ikuluikulu selo wosiyana genotypes mzake. Choncho, yaitali maselo kunyamula kusintha, zamoyo amenewa amatchedwa zithunzi.

Kuchuluka kwa nyumba majini

Mutational masiyanidwe akuwonetseredwa mu nyumba majini zosiyana zimatiyika pa gulu. Masinthidwe angayambe pa jini, khromozomu ndi matupi athu mlingo. Malinga kusintha mitundu ya kusintha.

kusintha chibadwa bwanji DNA dongosolo, umene chingasinthe pa mlingo maselo. kusintha kumeneku, nthawi zina musati bwanji viability mapuloteni ndi, ie, Ntchito sasintha. Koma nthawi zina, zingakhale maphunziro zosalongosoka kuti kale kugwira mapuloteni ntchito yake.

Kafukufuku pa mlingo chromosomal kale kunyamula anaopsezedwa kwambiri chifukwa zimakhudza mapangidwe matenda chromosomal. The chifukwa cha kusintha izi ndi kusintha kapangidwe ka DNA, ndipo pali kale majini ambiri nawo. Chifukwa cha ichi, mwina kusintha yachibadwa diploid akonzedwa, amene nawonso zimakhudza DNA okwana.

masinthidwe kutengera mapangidwe komanso asakhale ndi vutoli zingachititse mapangidwe matenda chromosomal. Zitsanzo za kusintha pa izi mlingo - aneuploidy ndi polyploidy. Umenewu kapena kuchepa kwa chiwerengero DNA kuti munthu zambiri tizilombo.

Gene masinthidwe anafotokoza trisomy, kuzindikiritsa kukhalapo DNA atatu magazi mu karyotype (kuwonjezeka kuchuluka). Izi kuchimwa mu mapangidwe Edwards Syndrome ndi matenda Down a. Monosomy amatanthauza kupezeka kwa m'modzi yekha wa DNA awiri magazi (kuchepa kuchuluka), pafupifupi kuchotsa chitukuko wabwinobwino wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi.

Chifukwa cha zinthu zimenezi ndi kuyan'anila pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko maselo nyongolosi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchedwa anaphase - DNA magazi pa magawano selo kusuntha kwa mizati, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo akhoza kupitiriza. Palinso maganizo "sanali disjunction", pamene DNA sakanakhoza kugawidwa mu magawo a mitosis kapena meiosis. Izi zimachititsa chiwonetsero cha matenda a osiyanasiyana mwamphamvu. Kuphunzira zodabwitsazi kudzakuthandizani kudziŵa za njira, ndipo mwinamwake n'zotheka kulosera kulimbikitsa njira izi.